A. Chordate subphyla

- Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Vertebrata

B. Chordate characteristics

i. Pharyngeal slits

ii. Notochord

iii. Dorsal hollow nerve cord

iv. Post anal tail

v. Endostyle

A. Vertebrate characteristics

i. pharyngeal slits

ii. notochord in all embryos

iii. single dorsal hollow nerve cord

iv. post anal tail

v. bilateral symmetry

vi. cephalization

vii. segmentation

viii. eucoelom

ix. closed circulatory system

x. well-developed endoskeleton

xi. appendages

xii. related genital and excretory systems

A. Cephalochordate features

i. no paired fins

ii. notochord

iii. no cranium

iv. vertebrate pattern of blood flow

v. digestive tract features

vi. pharyngeal slits used for feeding

B. Cephalochordata / Vertebrata differences

i. excretory flame cells

ii. little cephalization

C. Urochordate features

i. adult features of urochordates

ii. larval features of urochordates

iii. role of paedomorphosis in origin of vertebrates

Chapter 2: pages 33-44

Chordata

Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Vertebrata

Pharyngeal slits, notochord, endostylte

Bilateral symmetry, cephalization, eucoelom

Endoskeleton, cranium, vertebrae

Buccal cavity, cirri, pharynx, Hatschek’s pit

Flame cells

Paedomorphosis