i. Bibliographies
Bibliographical entries are listed alphabetically, by the author's last name, which appears first for each identification. Titles are either underlined or italicized. Single spacing is used within a given bibliographical entry and double spacing between entries. All but the first line of a bibliographical entry are in dented:
Book: Mumford, Lewis. The City in History; Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its
Prospects. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1961.
Multiple Volumes: Truman, Harry S. Memoirs. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, 1955- 1956. 2 vols.
or (if you use only one of these two volumes):
Truman, Harry S. Memoirs. Vol. 2: Years of Trial and Hope, 1946-1952. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, 1956.
If a book has two or three authors, only the name of the first author is inverted. If the book has more than three authors, only the name of the first author is mentioned, with the added notation, et al.:
Cantor, Norman F. and Richard I. Schneider. How to Study History. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967.
Hoffman, Stanley et al. In Search of France. The Economy, Society, Political System in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963.
Edited books: Stern, Fritz, ed. The Varieties of History, form Voltaire to the Present. New York: Meridian Books, Inc., 1956.
Wright, Gordon and Arthur Mejia, Jr., eds. An Age of Controversy: Discussion Problems in 20th Century European History . New York and
Toronto: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1964.
Translated books: Curtius, Ernst Robert. The Civilization of France, an Introduction. Translated by Olive Wyon. Vintage Books. New York: Random House, 1962.
Subsequent editions: Chitwood, Oliver Perry. A History of Colonial America. 2nd ed. New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1931
Books written by the same author are listed in sequence. They are alphabetized according to the first important word of their title (and not necessarily the first word, if that work is an article, for instance). Although itis acceptable to repeat the author's name in each case, it is more customary to replace that name by a series of five underline marks in the second and following listings:
Figgis, J.N. The Divine Right of Kings. Harper Torchbooks; the Academy Library. New York, Evanston and London: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1965.
_____. Political Thought from Gerson to Grotius, 1414-1625. Harper Torchbooks; the Academy Library. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1960.
Articles or chapters in an edited book have a slightly different style. Note that it is the title of the journal or book that is italicized (underlined), not the article title.
Article: Tannenbaum, Edward R. "The Goals of Italian Fascism," The American Historical Review, 54 (April 1969): 1183-1204
Chapter in
edited book: Macartney, C.A. "Hungary." In The European Nobility in the Eighteenth Century. ed. by A. Goodwin. London: Adam and Charles Black,
1953.
Article in
encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Canadiana, 1989 ed. S.v. "Dialectical Materialism," by Robinson Crews.
Where bibliographical material is lacking which cannot be provided through the consultation of specialized reference works, you should indicate that it is unavailable by the following abbreviations: np: np, nd. (no place of publication: no publisher, no date of publication).
Places of publication, if not well known or likely to lead to confusion, should include province, state or country. Thus, while Chicago is sufficient and London is assumed to stand for London, England, you should write: London, Ont.; Don Mills, Ont.; Englewood Cliffs, N.J. and either Cambridge, Mass. or Cambridge, England.
Finally, some other types or sources that may require bibliographic entries are illustrated below:
240
Documents: Social Science Research Council. Annual Report, 1968-69. New York: S.S.R.C., 1970.
Great Britain. Parliamentary Debate (4th Series). (Commons). Vol. LXII 1903.
U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary. Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly on S.1312, The Failing Newspaper Act. 90th Congress, 1st Session, July 12, 1967.
United Nations, Security Council. Report on the Situation in the Congo (S/CL.4/246, Sept. 12, 1960). United Nations, N.Y., 1960.
Newspapers: The Montreal Star, July 17, 1970.
Le Devoir, 1950-1955.
The Times(London), May 13, 1926.
720Book Reviews: Maurice Pinard, Review of Revolution and Counterrevolution: Change and Persistence in Social Structures, by Seymour Martin Lipset, Canadian Journal of Political Science III (March 1970), 173-174.
Unpublished
Materials: Smythe, Oliver C. "Duplessis and Civil Liberties: A Causal Model." Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, McGill University, 1962.
Interviews: Personal interview with Postmaster-General Eric Kierans, Ottawa, July 28, 1970.
ii. Footnotes
In the humanities style, all references or citations take the form of footnotes. The form of a first reference to a given work is directly related to that of the bibliographical entry for the same work, except that it provides more definite information as to the page (or pages) to which it specifically refers. The principal differences from the bibliographic sty le are: (1) there is no inversion of the author's name since alphabetization is not observed in footnotes; (2) the indentation style is reversed from that practiced in the bibliography; and (3) punctuation is such that all items of a single reference are together, and not broken by periods. To facilitate comparison, the footnote style for a number of the works listed in the previous section will be given here in the order in which they appeared above.
1. Lewis Mumford, The City in History; Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospect (New York: Harcourt, Bruce, and World, Inc, 1961), 28.
240 2. Harry S. Truman, Memoirs, 2 vols., (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, 1955-1956), 2:12.
or:
2. Harry S. Truman, Memoirs, vol. 2: Years of Trial and Hope, 1946-1952 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, 1956), 12.
3. Norman F. Cantor and Richard I. Schneider, How to Study Histor (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967), 137.
4. Gordon Wright and Arthur Mejia, Jr., eds., An Age of Controversy: Discussion Problems in 20th Century European History (New York and Toronto: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1964), 177.
5. Ernst Robert Curtius, The Civilization of France, an Introduction, trans. Olive Wyon, Vintage Books (New York: Random House, 1962), 128n.
6. Oliver Perry Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 2nd ed. (New York: Harper and Row, 1931), 438.
7. Edward R. Tannenbaum, "The Goals of Italian Fascism," The American Historical Review 54 (April 1969): 1203.
8. C.A. Macartney, "Hungary," in The European Nobility in the Eighteenth Century, ed. A. Goodwin (London: Adam and Charles Black, 1953), 125-26.
9. Encyclopedia Canadiana, 1989 ed., S.V. "Dialectical Materialism" by Robinson Crews,
1104-5.
Second references to a book, and all following ones, need not be as complete as the first reference. Only the author's last name need be given, unless you are using works by two authors with the same last name (e.g.: Harold A. Innis and Mary Q. Innis) and the book's title can be shortened, rep laced by op. cit. (work already cited), or even dropped entirely. All other bibliographical indications can be deleted:
23. Stern, Varieties of History, 92.
or:
23. Stern, op. cit., 92.
or:
23. Stern, 92.
240
NOTE: These abbreviations must never lead to confusion. If you are using more than one work by the same author, you must use the short title form when referring to each of these works, even if you use another form for all other works.
Loc. cit. is used instead of op. cit. when it refers to an article. Short-form titles or no title at all may also be used, but the same rule about keeping things clear is applicable here as well:
24. Tannenbaum, loc. cit., 1190.
or:
24. Tannenbaum, "Goals of Fascism," 1190.
or:
24.Tannenbaum, 1190.
When two references to the same work follow one another, the second of the two is replaced by the abbreviation ibid. (the same as immediately above) in italics or underscored, except for that part of the reference which changes:
25. Mumford, City in History, 554-55.
26. Ibid., 502.
27. Ibid.
This last refers also to page 502. Note also that, since ibid. is an abbreviation for ibidem, the period which follows it is kept even when it does not close the sentence.
28. Truman, Memoirs, II, 71.
29. Ibid., 72.
This last refers to page 72 of the second volume. Otherwise it would be given as follows:
29. Ibid., 1: 72.
Note that, if you find yourself using too many consecutive ibidems in your paper, you might question whether you could not lump footnotes together. You might also wonder if you are not following someone's work too closely.
Footnotes, as their name indicates, are usually placed at the bottom of the page of text to which they refer. They may, however, be placed at the end of the paper, beginning on a separate sheet with the title "Endnotes".
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