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The MULTTEST Procedure

Example 43.1: Cochran-Armitage Test with Permutation Resampling

This example, from Keith Soper at Merck, illustrates the exact permutation Cochran-Armitage test carried out on permutation resamples. In the following data set, the 0s represent failures and the 1s represent successes. Note that the binary variables S1 and S2 have perfect negative association. The grouping variable is Dose.

   data a;
      input S1 S2 Dose @@;
      datalines;
   0 1 1   1 0 1   0 1 1   0 1 1
   0 1 1   1 0 1   1 0 2   1 0 2
   0 1 2   1 0 2   0 1 2   1 0 2
   1 0 3   1 0 3   1 0 3   0 1 3
   0 1 3   1 0 3
   ;

   proc multtest data=a permutation nsample=10000
                 seed=36607 outperm=pmt pvals;
      test ca(S1 S2 / permutation=10 uppertailed);
      class Dose;
      contrast 'CA Linear Trend' 0 1 2;
   run;

   proc print data=pmt;
   run;

The PROC MULTTEST statement requests 10,000 permutation resamples. The OUTPERM=PMT option requests an output SAS data set for the exact permutation distribution computed for the CA test.

The TEST statement specifies an upper-tailed Cochran-Armitage linear trend test for S1 and S2. The cutoff for exact permutation calculations is 10, as specified with the PERMUTATION= option in the TEST statement. Since S1 and S2 have ten and eight successes, respectively, PROC MULTTEST uses exact permutation distributions to compute the p-values for both variables.

The groups for the CA test are the levels of Dose from the CLASS statement. The coefficients applied to these groups are 0, 1, and 2, respectively, as specified in the CONTRAST statement.

Finally, the invocation of PROC PRINT displays the SAS data set containing the permutation distributions.

The results from this analysis are listed in Output 43.1.1.

Output 43.1.1: Cochran-Armitage Test with Permutation Resampling

The Multtest Procedure

Model Information
Test for discrete variables: Cochran-Armitage
Exact permutation distribution used: Everywhere
Tails for discrete tests: Upper-tailed
Strata adjustment? No
P-value adjustment: Permutation
Number of resamples: 10000
Seed: 36607


You should check the preceding table to verify that the analysis specifications are correct.

The Multtest Procedure

Contrast Coefficients
Contrast Dose
1 2 3
CA Linear Trend 0 1 2


The preceding table lists the label and coefficients from the CONTRAST statement.

The Multtest Procedure

Discrete Variable Tabulations
Variable Dose Count NumObs Percent
S1 1 2 6 33.33
S1 2 4 6 66.67
S1 3 4 6 66.67
S2 1 4 6 66.67
S2 2 2 6 33.33
S2 3 2 6 33.33

The preceding table contains summary statistics for the two test variables, S1 and S2. The Count column lists the number of successes for each level of the class variable, Dose. The NumObs column is the sample size, and the Percent column is the percentage of successes in the sample.

The Multtest Procedure

p-Values
Variable Contrast Raw Permutation
S1 CA Linear Trend 0.1993 0.3979
S2 CA Linear Trend 0.9220 1.0000


The Raw column in the preceding "p-Values" table contains the p-values from the CA test, and the Permutation column contains the permutation-adjusted p-values.

This table shows that, for S1, the adjusted p-value is almost twice the raw p-value. In fact, from theoretical considerations, the permutation-adjusted p-value for S1 should be 2 ×0.1993 = 0.3986. For S2, the raw p-value is 0.9220, and the adjusted p-value equals 1, as you would expect from theoretical considerations. The permutation p-values for S1 and S2 also happen to be the Bonferroni-adjusted p-values for this example.

Obs _contrast_ _var_ _value_ upper_p
1 CA Linear Trend S1 0 1.00000
2 CA Linear Trend S1 1 1.00000
3 CA Linear Trend S1 2 1.00000
4 CA Linear Trend S1 3 1.00000
5 CA Linear Trend S1 4 1.00000
6 CA Linear Trend S1 5 0.99966
7 CA Linear Trend S1 6 0.99609
8 CA Linear Trend S1 7 0.97827
9 CA Linear Trend S1 8 0.92205
10 CA Linear Trend S1 9 0.80070
11 CA Linear Trend S1 10 0.61011
12 CA Linear Trend S1 11 0.38989
13 CA Linear Trend S1 12 0.19930
14 CA Linear Trend S1 13 0.07795
15 CA Linear Trend S1 14 0.02173
16 CA Linear Trend S1 15 0.00391
17 CA Linear Trend S1 16 0.00034
18 CA Linear Trend S1 17 0.00000
19 CA Linear Trend S1 18 0.00000
20 CA Linear Trend S1 19 0.00000
21 CA Linear Trend S1 20 0.00000
22 CA Linear Trend S2 0 1.00000
23 CA Linear Trend S2 1 1.00000
24 CA Linear Trend S2 2 1.00000
25 CA Linear Trend S2 3 0.99966
26 CA Linear Trend S2 4 0.99609
27 CA Linear Trend S2 5 0.97827
28 CA Linear Trend S2 6 0.92205
29 CA Linear Trend S2 7 0.80070
30 CA Linear Trend S2 8 0.61011
31 CA Linear Trend S2 9 0.38989
32 CA Linear Trend S2 10 0.19930
33 CA Linear Trend S2 11 0.07795
34 CA Linear Trend S2 12 0.02173
35 CA Linear Trend S2 13 0.00391
36 CA Linear Trend S2 14 0.00034
37 CA Linear Trend S2 15 0.00000
38 CA Linear Trend S2 16 0.00000


The preceding table lists the OUTPERM= data set, which contains the exact permutation distributions for S1 and S2 in terms of cumulative probabilities.

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