%% This BibTeX bibliography file was created using BibDesk. %% http://bibdesk.sourceforge.net/ %% Created for Panayiotis Pappas at 2012-01-24 16:24:48 -0800 %% Saved with string encoding Unicode (UTF-8) @incollection{Reiter:2010fk, Address = {Amsterdam}, Author = {Sabine Reiter}, Booktitle = {New Perspectives on Endangered Languages: Bridging Gaps between Sociolinguistics, documentation and Language Revitalization}, Date-Added = {2012-01-19 23:19:18 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2012-01-19 23:19:18 +0000}, Editor = {Flores Farfan, Jose Antonio and Fernando Ramallo}, Publisher = {John Benjamins}, Title = {Linguistic vitality in the Awet{\'\i} indigenous community A case study from the Upper Xingu multilingual area}, Year = {2010}} @article{Kamwangamalu:2010lr, Author = {Kamwangamalu, Nkonko}, Date-Added = {2012-01-19 23:13:40 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2012-01-19 23:13:40 +0000}, Journal = {Language Problems & Language Planning}, Number = {1}, Pages = {1 -- 23}, Title = {Vernacularization, globalization, and language economics in non-English-speaking countries in Africa}, Volume = {34}, Year = {2010}} @article{Zilles:2005tg, Abstract = {The Portuguese NP a gente, meaning 'the people', is undergoing grammaticalization & is acquiring characteristics of a personal pronoun, increasingly replacing first-person plural nos, meaning 'we', in speech. In Brazilian Portuguese, this process seems to be correlated with a number of other ongoing morphosyntactic changes. In this study I compare data from Southern Brazil on the use of a gente in the 1970s & the 1990s. Quantitative analyses are conducted in terms of two methodological approaches: apparent-time & real-time studies. In the real-time analysis, two kinds of studies are discussed: a trend study, with two comparable groups of speakers, & a panel study, with the same speakers compared longitudinally. The linguistic & social embedding of this process is discussed in terms of the Labovian classification of changes as being "from above" or "from below." 6 Tables, 9 Figures, 49 References. Adapted from the source document}, Author = {Ana M. S. Zilles}, Date-Added = {2012-01-19 22:50:32 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2012-01-19 22:50:32 +0000}, Isbn = {0954-3945}, Journal = {Language Variation and Change}, Keywords = {Sociolinguistics (80200); Noun Phrases (59600); Brazilian Portuguese (09550); Pronouns (68400); Grammaticalization (29220); Morphology Syntax Relationship (55520); Language Change (41850); Language History (42600); Language Usage (44600)}, Language = {English}, Number = {1}, Pages = {19-53}, Title = {The Development of a New Pronoun: The Linguistic and Social Embedding of a gente in Brazilian Portuguese}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2005}} @article{DArcy:2010lq, Abstract = {This article presents a quantitative variationist analysis of the English restrictive relative pronouns. However, where previous research has largely focused on language-internal explanations for variant choice, the focus here is the social meaning of this erstwhile syntactic variable. We uncover rich sociolinguistic embedding of the relative pronouns in standard, urban speech. The only productive wh- form is 'who', which continues to pattern as a prestige form centuries after its linguistic specialization as a human subject relative. This legacy of prestige is reflected not only in the social characteristics of those with whom it is associated, but also in the patterns of accommodation that are visible in its use. These findings simultaneously demonstrate the tenacious nature of social meaning and the enduring effects of grammatical ideology, both of which influence pronoun choice in the context of face-to-face interaction. Adapted from the source document}, Author = {Alexandra D'Arcy and Sali A. Tagliamonte}, Date-Added = {2012-01-19 22:47:46 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2012-01-19 22:47:46 +0000}, Isbn = {0047-4045}, Journal = {Language in Society}, Keywords = {Pronouns (68400); Variationist Linguistics (93520); Language Variation (44640); Sociolinguistics (80200); Language Change (41850); Social Factors (79910); English (21900)}, Language = {English}, Month = {Jun}, Number = {3}, Pages = {383-410}, Title = {Prestige, accommodation, and the legacy of relative 'who'}, Volume = {39}, Year = {2010}} @article{Tagliamonte:2005kx, Author = {Tagliamonte, Sali A.}, Date-Added = {2012-01-19 22:41:00 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2012-01-19 22:41:00 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Pragmatics}, Number = {11}, Pages = {1896-1915}, Title = {So who? Like how? Just what? Discourse markers in the conversations of English speaking youth}, Volume = {37}, Year = {2005}} @article{Weldon:2007pc, Abstract = {This article provides a variable analysis of negation in Gullah & considers the implications of the observed patterns of variability for the debate over the history & development of African American English (AAE). For many years now, linguists have debated over the possibility of an AAE-creole connection & have hypothesized in particular about the putative role of Gullah (or a Gullah-like creole) on the origins & development of AAE. In recent years, negation has become a central topic in this debate, with examinations of variable negation in both early & contemporary varieties of AAE. However, practically no analysis has been done on the system of variable negation in Gullah. This study aims to fill this gap in the literature by providing a quantitative analysis of variable negation in both copula & non copula constructions in Gullah. While no definitive claims are made about the AAE-Gullah connection based on this analysis, certain patterns in the data, such as the alternation between ain't & didn't in past contexts, allow for the possibility of a historical connection between the two varieties. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document}, Author = {Tracey L. Weldon}, Date-Added = {2012-01-19 22:39:09 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2012-01-19 22:39:09 +0000}, Isbn = {0003-1283}, Journal = {American Speech}, Keywords = {Creoles (16150); Negation (56700); Black English (09150); Syntactic Structures (86770); Variationist Linguistics (93520); Language History (42600)}, Language = {English}, Month = {winter}, Number = {4}, Pages = {341-366}, Title = {Gullah Negation: A Variable Analysis}, Volume = {82}, Year = {2007}} @article{Szmrecsanyi:2003qe, Abstract = {This study offers a novel account for the variation between the two major syntactic options to express futurity in English, be going to & will/shall. The focus of attention, unlike in many previous studies, is chiefly the choice that speakers of American & British English make between future markers with reference to syntactic characteristics of the surrounding text. On the basis of an empirical analysis of spoken data, this study demonstrates that future marker distributions seem to be sensitive to four factors: (1) contexts of negation, (2) contexts of subordination, (3) if-clause environments, & (4) sentence length. More specifically, there is a positive correlation between syntactic complexity & the likelihood of the occurrence of be going to instead of will/shall. The analysis proposes that an issue with economy & online processing constraints might be responsible for the sensitivity of future marker distributions to syntactic context. 9 Tables, 6 Figures, 2 Appendixes, 43 References. Adapted from the source document}, Author = {Benedikt Szmrecsanyi}, Date-Added = {2012-01-19 22:37:48 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2012-01-19 22:37:48 +0000}, Isbn = {0075-4242}, Journal = {Journal of English Linguistics}, Keywords = {Tense (88500); Discourse Markers (19230); Modal Verbs (54600); Syntactic Analysis (86752); American English (02100); British English (09700); Subordination (Grammatical) (85450); Negation (56700)}, Language = {English}, Month = {Dec}, Number = {4}, Pages = {295-323}, Title = {Be Going To versus Will/Shall: Does Syntax Matter?}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2003}} @article{Nevins:2010nx, Abstract = {This paper revives the sociolinguistic notion of 'variable rules' (Labov, 1969; Cedergren and Sankoff, 1974; Guy, 1991) as a specific and restricted mechanism within the theoretical framework of Distributed Morphology (Halle and Marantz, 1993; Embick and Noyer, 2007). We propose that intra-individual paradigm 'leveling' variation (or, variable syncretism), can be effectively modeled as resulting from post-syntactic feature deletion rules that apply variably. In other words, variable rules enact a structural change only probabilistically, rather than deterministically, when their structural description is met. By hypothesis, morphological 'Impoverishment' operations (Bonet, 1991; Halle, 1997; Noyer, 1998) are induced by the inherent and universal markedness of particular morphosyntactic features or their combination (Greenberg, 1966; Croft, 2003). We examine markedness-driven variable Impoverishment through case studies of three English varieties: be-leveling in Monmouthshire (Orton, 1962-1971) induced by marked [+author], was-leveling in Buckie (Adger and Smith, 2005; Adger, 2006) induced by marked [+participant], and weren't- and ain't-leveling on Smith Island (Wolfram and Schilling-Estes, 2003; Mittelstaedt, 2006) induced by marked [+negation]. [Copyright Elsevier B.V.]}, Author = {Andrew Nevins and Jeffrey K. Parrott}, Date-Added = {2012-01-19 22:37:26 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2012-01-19 22:37:26 +0000}, Isbn = {0024-3841}, Journal = {Lingua}, Keywords = {Language Variation (44640); English (21900); Distributed Morphology (19657); Morphology Syntax Relationship (55520); Markedness (51150); Syntactic Features (86758); Variationist Linguistics (93520)}, Language = {English}, Month = {May}, Number = {5}, Pages = {1135-1159}, Title = {Variable rules meet Impoverishment theory: Patterns of agreement leveling in English varieties}, Volume = {120}, Year = {2010}} @article{Cheshire:2009bh, Abstract = {This article presents a systematic analysis of morphosyntactic variation in London English, investigating 'was/were' variation in the speech of adolescents and elderly speakers in a multicultural inner London area and a less diverse outer London area. In outer London, dialect leveling to a mixed 'was/weren't' system is well underway, as in many other areas of the U.K. Negative 'weren't' is frequent and a grammaticalized invariant 'weren't it' tag is developing. In inner London, variation in adolescent speech is strongly influenced by ethnicity, resulting in a lower overall frequency of 'was' leveling and, in negative contexts, a mixed pattern of leveling to both 'wasn't' and 'weren't'. The patterns of variation of Anglo "heritage" inner London adolescents differ both from elderly speakers in the same area and from their peers in outer London. Our analysis confirms the need for socially realistic models of language change that take account of the social diversity of large multicultural urban cities. Adapted from the source document}, Author = {Jenny Cheshire and Sue Fox}, Date-Added = {2012-01-19 22:33:22 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2012-01-19 22:33:22 +0000}, Isbn = {0954-3945}, Journal = {Language Variation and Change}, Keywords = {British English (09700); Language Variation (44640); Dialectology (18650); Copulas (15660); Cities (12235); Negation (56700); Adolescents (00450); Elderly (21350); Age Differences (01150)}, Language = {English}, Number = {1}, Pages = {1-38}, Title = {Was/Were Variation: A Perspective from London}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2009}} @article{Cheshire:2007qf, Abstract = {General extenders (such as "and stuff") are analysed here in the speech of adolescents from three English towns. There were no consistent patterns of gender or social class variation in their use, but a clear social class difference in the use of certain forms, with "and that" favoured by the working-class speakers and "and stuff" and "and things" preferred by the middle-class adolescents. The most frequent forms were analysed in terms of phonetic reduction, decategorisation, semantic change and pragmatic shift, changes that together make up the process of grammaticalisation. "And that" and "and everything" were the most grammaticalised, followed by "or something," with "and stuff" and "and things" lagging behind. The multifunctionality of the general extenders caused problems for a rigorous analysis of their pragmatic functions. The paper argues that we must consider their functions within the local contexts in which they occur, to take account of their interaction with other linguistic forms. It is also important to avoid generalising about their functions and, instead, to prioritise the fact that as pragmatic particles they are multifunctional. In this data the general extenders had functions in every communicative domain, often simultaneously. The implications for the quantitative analysis of discourse forms are also considered. References. Adapted from the source document}, Author = {Jenny Cheshire}, Date-Added = {2012-01-19 22:33:14 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2012-01-19 22:33:14 +0000}, Isbn = {1360-6441}, Journal = {Journal of Sociolinguistics}, Keywords = {Variationist Linguistics (93520); Social Class (79900); British English (09700); Adolescents (00450); Grammaticalization (29220); Discourse Markers (19230); England (21800)}, Language = {English}, Month = {Apr}, Number = {2}, Pages = {155-193}, Title = {Discourse variation, grammaticalisation and stuff like that}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2007}} @article{Macaulay:2006qy, Author = {Ronald Macaulay}, Date-Added = {2011-11-15 19:59:42 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2011-11-15 19:59:42 +0000}, Journal = {Language Variation and Change}, Pages = {267--283}, Title = {Pure grammaticalization: The development of a teenage intensifier}, Volume = {18}, Year = {2006}} @article{Jose:2010qy, Author = {Jos\'{e}, Brian}, Date-Added = {2011-10-10 17:44:53 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2011-10-10 17:51:50 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Sociolinguistics}, Number = {1}, Pages = {34-59}, Title = {The {A}pparent-{T}ime {C}onstruct and {S}table {V}ariation: {F}inal /z/ {D}evoicing in {N}orthwestern {I}ndiana.}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2010}} @unpublished{Eckert:2009uq, Author = {Eckert, Penelope}, Note = {http://www.stanford.edu/~eckert/PDF/ (accessed March 11, 2011)}, Title = {Three Waves of Variation Study: The emergence of meaning in the study of variation}, Year = {2009}} @article{Moore:2004lr, Author = {Moore, Emma}, Journal = {Canadian Journal of Linguistics}, Number = {3}, Pages = {375-396}, Title = {Sociolinguistic style: A Multidimensional resource for shared identity creation.}, Volume = {49}, Year = {2004}} @article{Bucholtz:2005lr, Author = {Bucholtz, Mary and Hall, Kira}, Journal = {Discourse Studies}, Number = {4--5}, Pages = {585--614}, Title = {Identity and Interaction: a Sociocultural Linguistic approach}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2005}} @article{Motschebacher:2009lr, Author = {Motschenbacher, Heiko}, Journal = {Language in Society}, Pages = {1-22}, Title = {Speaking of the gendered body: The perfomative construction of commercial femininities and masculinities via body-part vocabulary}, Volume = {38}, Year = {2009}} @article{HOFFMAN:2010qy, Author = {Michol F. Hoffman and James A. Walker}, Journal = {Language Variation and Change}, Pages = {37--67}, Title = {Ethnolects and the city: Ethnic orientation and linguistic variation in Toronto English}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2010}} @article{PODESVA:uq, Author = {Emma Moore and Robert Podesva}, Journal = {Language in Society}, Pages = {447--485}, Title = {Style, indexicality, and the social meaning of tag questions}, Volume = {38}, Year = {2010}} @article{Haeri:1994bl, Author = {Niloofar Haeri}, Journal = {Language Variation and Change}, Number = {1}, Pages = {87-112}, Title = {A Linguistic Innovation of Women in {C}airo}, Volume = {6}, Year = {1994}} @article{Kiesling:2007sy, Author = {Scott Kiesling}, Journal = {Language and Linguistics Compass}, Month = {Nov}, Number = {6}, Pages = {653-673}, Title = {Men, Masculinities, and Language}, Volume = {1}, Year = {2007}} @article{Fought:1999ky, Author = {Carmen Fought}, Journal = {Journal of Sociolinguistics}, Month = {Feb}, Number = {1}, Pages = {5-23}, Title = {A Majority Sound Change in a Minority Community: /u/-fronting in Chicano English}, Volume = {3}, Year = {1999}} @article{Becker:2009qy, Author = {Kara Becker}, Journal = {Journal of Sociolinguistics}, Number = {5}, Pages = {634--658}, Title = {/r/ and the construction of place identity on {N}ew {Y}ork {C}ity's {L}ower {E}ast {S}ide}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2009}} @article{Dodsworth:2008jv, Author = {Robin Dodsworth}, Journal = {Journal of Sociolinguistics}, Month = {Feb}, Number = {1}, Pages = {34-57}, Title = {Sociological consciousness as a component of linguistic variation}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2008}} @article{Eckert08, Author = {Eckert, Penelope}, Journal = {Journal of Sociolinguistics}, Number = {4}, Pages = {453-476}, Title = {Variation and the Indexical Field}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2008}} @article{Podesva:2007lj, Author = {Robert J. Podesva}, Journal = {Journal of Sociolinguistics}, Number = {4}, Pages = {478-504}, Title = {Phonation type as a stylistic variable: The use of falsetto in constructing a persona}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2007}}