From Walkman to iPod

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Functional uses of personal stereo systems (after M. Bull, "Investigating the Culture of Mobile Listening," 2006)

1. To block out any external sound

2. Moving through space and time with accompanying soundtrack

3. Aestheticising of the environment

4. Immersion in one's own auditory world

5. Cure for isolation

6. Controlling "inner chaos"

7. Controlling public interaction

8. Regaining control over time

9. Energizing function