23. 
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List of Figures
Figs 1-5. Oviposition of Bareogonalos canadensis, morphology and behaviour. 1-3. Female abdomen. 1. ventral view, the capsule envelopes the awl which is partially covered with eggs, the armature is at the bottom of the micrograph. 2, 3. lateral view, left side is capsule, right side is metasomal armature and the anterior portion. 4, 5. Oviposition in Douglas-fir foliage. The female braces the leaf between the awl and the armature during oviposition. Scanning-electron micrographs by L. Coote.
Figs 6-9. Orthogonalys pulchella. 6. Habitus, side view. 7, 8. Dorsal view of metasoma; 7. Male. 8. Female. 9. Posterior view of head. Shaded drawings by Micki Yuval.
Figs 10-13. Tyloids on the flagellomeres. 10. Elongate-narrow, linear (Taeniogonalos gundlachii). 11. Short, oval-round (Pseudogonalos hahnii). 12. Elongate-broadly oval (Mimelogonalos sp.). 13. Female flagellomere, with specialised setae on protuberant area in middle of micrograph (Bareogonalos canadensis). Scanning-electron micrographs 10-12 by P.S. Ward; 13 by L. Coote.
Figs 14-20 . Heads, anterior views (all bars 1 mm). 14, Orthogonalys pulchella; 15, Seminota; 16, Pseudogonalos hahnii ; 17, Taeniogonalos gundlachii; 18, Bareogonalos canadensis ; 19, Taeniogonalos venatoria; 20, Nomadina .
Fig. 21. Tarsi, with plantar lobes (broken from penultimate tarsus) and cleft tarsal claws (Bareogonalos canadensis).
Figs 22-23, ventral view of head. Genal carina and genal angle. 22, Trigonalys; 23, Taeniogonalos.
Fig. 24. Majority rule and strict consensus of 32 most parsimonious trees.
Fig. 25. Majority rule and strict consensus of 12 most parsimonious trees generated from successive approximations character weighting (Farris, 1969), starting with 32 trees.
Fig. 26. Bootstrap consensus tree (all genera), 100 heuristic replicates, number of taxa reduced by excluding all but one of the Taeniogonalos species. 78 steps, C. I. 0.551, excluding uninformative characters, 0.539.
Fig. 27. Bootstrap consensus tree, 100 branch & bound replicates; Nomadinini, rooted with several trigonalids. Length 51 steps; consistency index 0.725, excluding uninformative characters, 0.689.
Fig. 28. Characters mapped on one of the 32 most parsimonious trees. Tree length: 76 steps (using Evaniomorph outgroup; if rooted with Ancestor the tree would be 72 steps). Bold numbers indicate unambiguous mapping of characters while italicised numbers indicate ambiguous mapping of characters, usually due to one sex being unknown. The italicised numbers appear on two or more branches for every single origination of the character state.
Fig. 29. Same tree as in Fig. 12, rooted at Bareogonalos. The outgroup is nested well within the ingroup, suggesting the improbability of this rooting.
Fig. 30. Strict consensus tree from 24 most parsimonious trees, constrained to Outgroup + Nomadinini + (all other taxa). Tree length: 79 steps, three steps longer than without this constraint. The same topology resulted in the majority rule consensus tree from the constraint (Outgroup, Nomadinini) + (all other taxa).
Figs 31-32, Bareogonalos canadensis and host Vespula vulgaris (Vespidae). 31, parasitoid larva (left) feeding externally; 32, pupa (left) is quite large compared to its host.
Figs 33-34, right lateral view. 33, Most Trigonalidae (eye with posterior margin near middle of mandibular base); 34, Xanthogonalos (eye with posterior margin behind or at mandibular base).
Figs 35-36, heads, lateral view. 35, Trigonalys maculifrons; 36, Taeniogonalos ornata.
Figs 37-38. Nomadina heads, dorsal view. 37, Neck, N. cisandina; 38, normal Nomadina without neck.
Figs 39, 40, dorsal view, tergum I. 39, Trigonalys melanoleuca; 40. Trigonalys championi and related species. The apex of the tergum I (dashed line) is rounded in T. melanoleuca.
Figs 41, 42, right lateral view. Pronotal collar, Trigonalys.
41. The dorsal surface (dashed line) rises gently toward head;
42. The dorsal surface rises vertically so as to form a posterior
facing surface.
6.
7. 8. 9.
(tyloids, fig 10-12, 13)
Figs 14-20, Heads Fig 21-Tarsal Claw
23.
Fig. 24.
Fig. 25.
Fig. 26.
Fig. 27.
Fig. 28.
Fig. 29.
Fig. 30. Fig 31-32 (Larvae)
34.
35. 36.
38. 
40.
42.
Table 1. Data matrix for the cladistic analyses. Characters that are polymorphic in a taxon where the groundplan is uncertain are recorded on two lines. Numbers and coding for characters correspond to those in the Character Analysis section of the text.
Character
1 2 3
Taxon 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890
Outgroup (Evaniomorpha) 00400100?0 000100?10? ?000000???
Ancestor (trigonalid groundplan) 00?00000?0 000000?000 ?000000???
Afrigonalys 0042000??1 100?002022 20??1111??
3
Bakeronymus 11421110?1 0011111111 2000111212
2
Bareogonalos 104100?0?? 0001002140 1001111133
Lycogaster(Asian) 00420010?1 1000002022 210211113?
3
Lycogaster pullata 00420010?0 1000002022 2102111133
Mimelogonalos 0010000121 1000002020 2102100?12
Nomadina 10420110?? 0001101130 2000111213
Orthogonalys 00100000?0 0000001000 1000000?11
Pseudogonalos 0010000110 200000?012 1001000?21
Pseudonomadina 11421110?? 0011111130 2000111212
Seminota 00420010?1 000000?021 2102111113
Taeniogonalos enderleini 0031000131 100000?022 2102100?22
Taeniogonalos fasciata 0031000131 100000?022 2122100?2?
Taeniogonalos fasciatipennis 0031000??1 100000?022 21??100???
Taeniogonalos flavocincta 00310001?1 100000?022 212210122?
Taeniogonalos gundlachii 0031000131 100000?022 2121101122
2
Taeniogonalos maga 0021000131 1000002022 2102100?22
3
Taeniogonalos ornata 0031000131 1000002022 2101100?22
2
Teranishia 0020000??0 0000002012 10??000???
3
Trigonalys 0011000111 310000?022 21021?1222
Xanthogonalos 00410000?1 1000001011 2101111133
3
Genus 1 (Japan) 0020000??0 0000001040 ?0?1010???
Genus 2 (New Guinea) 0010000120 1000002010 1001000?12
1 3 2
Table 2. Classification from
Weinstein & Austin 1991.
Bareogonaloinae
1. Bareogonalos Schulz 1907
=Nippogonalos Uchida 1929
Disceneneinae
2. Discenea Enderlein 1905
=Stygnogonaloides Strand 1912
=Lycogastrula Strand 1912
3. Lycogastroides Strand 1912
Lycogastrinae
4. Ischnogonalos Schulz 1907
5. Labidogonalos Schulz 1906
6. Lycogaster Shuckard 1841
7. Lycogonalos Bischoff 1913a
8. Stygnogonalos Schulz 1907
9. Taeniogonalos Schulz 1906
10. Tapinogonalos Schulz 1907
Nomadininae
11. Bakeronymus Rohwer 1922
12. Nomadina Westwood 1868
=Liaba Cameron 1899
=Platygonalys Schulz 1905
13. Pseudonomadina Yamane
& Kojima 1982
Seminotinae
14. Seminota Spinola 1840
=Bertonia Schrottky 1906
15. Xanthogonalos Schulz 1907
Trigonalinae
16. Mimelogonalos Schulz 1907
17. Nanogonalos Schulz 1906
18. Orthogonalys Schulz 1905
19. Poecilogonalos Schulz 1906
20. Satogonalos Teranishi 1931
21. Pseudogonalos Schulz 1906
=Trigonalis Spinola 1840,
incorrect subsequent spelling
22. Trigonalys Westwood 1835
Genera of Tsuneki 1991 [Placed in
Trigonalinae].
23. Taiwanogonalos Tsuneki 1991
24. Jezonogonalos Tsuneki 1991
25. Teranishia Tsuneki 1991
Current Classification
Trigonalidae Cresson 1887
Status Uncertain, within Trigonalidae:
1. Teranishia Tsuneki 1991
Orthogonalinae (New Subfamily)
2. Orthogonalys Schulz 1905
=Satogonalos Teranishi 1931
Trigonalinae Cresson 1887
Status Uncertain, within Trigonalinae:
3. Jezonogonalos Tsuneki 1991
4. Mimelogonalos Schulz 1907
5. Pseudogonalos Schulz 1906
Nomadinini Cameron 1899
6. Afrigonalys (gen. n.)
(tentative placement)
7. Bakeronymus Rohwer 1922
8. Bareogonalos Schulz 1907
9. Lycogaster Shuckard 1841
10. Nomadina Westwood 1868
11. Pseudonomadina Yamane
& Kojima 1982
12. Seminota Spinola 1840
13. Xanthogonalos Schulz 1907
Trigonalini Cresson 1887 (New status)
14. Ischnogonalos Schulz 1907
(tentative placement)
15. Taeniogonalos Schulz 1906
=Labidogonalos Schulz 1906
=Poecilogonalos Schulz 1906
=Nanogonalos Schulz 1906
=Lycogastroides Strand 1912
=Lycogonalos Bischoff 1913
=Taiwanogonalos Tsuneki 1991
16. Trigonalys Westwood 1835
=Stygnogonalos Schulz 1907
=Discenea Enderlein 1905
Table 3. Final weights assigned each character by successive approximations
weighting procedure. Characters are defined in the Character Analysis
section.
This page is maintained by Dave Carmean with an eye towards speed and clarity, and last modified 15 April 1997. Comments or suggestions are welcomed!