Crusaders & Mendicants

I.  Twilight for European Paganism
A.  Scandinavia
Viking raids
Olaf Truggvessön (969-1000) 
thing
[St.] Olaf Haraldssön (995-1030)
Archbishop of Lund 

B.  Prussia and Lithuania
Teutonic Knights of St Mary’s Hopsital at Juersalem
Jagiello king of Lithuania (baptised 1386)

II.  Turning points in Medieval Christianity
A.  Investiture Controversy
Pope Gregory VII's condemnation (1075) of lay investiture 
Henry IV (reigned 1056–1106)
Canossa (1077)

B.  Schism of 1054
Pope Leo IX 
Patriarch Michael Cerularius 

III.  Crusades
Context
	Social and economic trends in Europe
Truce of God
Alexius Comnenus
Urban II at Council of Claremont (1095)
	indulgence
First crusade
	Peter the Hermit
	Fall of Jerusalem (1098)
Later crusades
	Childrens’ Crusade (1212)
“jihad” 
1291 end of crusader kingdoms
Crusades as long-distance missions?
Francis of Assisi
Francis and Jacques of Vitry (bishop of Acre, arrived November 1216)
Role of Jerusalem
Consequences of the Crusades

IV.  Mendicants and Mongols
Genghis “ocean” Khan  neé “Temüjin” (1162 -1227 )
nökhör 
Pax Mongolica

Mendicants
Francis (1181/82 - 1226) and the Franciscans (founded 1210)
Dominic (c. 1170 - 1221) and the Dominicans (founded 1216)
ideal of poverty
Mendicant Missions
Martyrdom
North Africa
	Mendicants vs popes on mission targets
	Understandings of religious demography
Asia
Objectives
Prester John
John of Plano Carpini (1180-1252) 
Dominicans William of Tripoli and Nicolas of Vicenza 
John of Montecorvino 
William of Rubruk and Bartholomew of Cremona 
Odoric of Pordenone (fl. 1314)

V.  Papal Claims to Universal Jurisdiction
Gregory IX’s (1227-41) bull Cum hora undecima 
Innocent IV (1243-54) 
Missionary powers and responsibilties
Dei Patria 
Dominium = the legitimate possession of goods and power

VI.  Medieval Missiology
Raymond of Peñafort (1185-1275) 
Roger Bacon (c. 1220-92) 
Ramón Lull (c. 1232-1316)
Libre del contemplacio en Deu
missionary campaigns 
Ars Magna (1305-8) 
language college at Miramar in Majorca
Council of Vienne 

VII.  End of Medieval Christianity
Avignon 
Timur (1336-1405)