Holt, The French Wars of Religion, 1-75.

Please note: Holt incorrectly states that the French king celebrated mass "immediately upon acquiring his sacred and temporal authority" (20). The French king was not a priest and therefore could not celebrate mass. He could, however, receive communion in both kinds (i.e. the host and the chalice), something which was not allowed to other laypeople. Perhaps this is what Holt means by celebrating mass.

Please read over the following questions before you do the reading and consider them while you read.

1. Identify: Gallicanism, Guillaume Briçonnet, affair of the placards, chambre ardente, le grand voyage de France, the military triumvirate, Confraternity of the Holy Ghost .

2. Holt argues that the French Wars of Religion "were fought primarily over the issue of religion" (2). What does he mean by this? How does his interpretation differ from others?

3. Why does Holt begin and end Chapter 1 by referring to the coronation ceremony and oath of the French king?

4. Who were the leaders of the Huguenots? Who were the leaders of the Catholic cause?

5. From which social groups did the French Calvinists emerge?

6. What are some of the principal features of French Calvinism, especially in terms of geography, organization, and politcal outlook?

7. The French Wars of Relgion were puncutated with several peace treaties or edicts. What were the developments that led to each edict? Explain the terms and significance of