Beyond Experience: Metaphysical Theories and Philosophical Constraints, Second Edition, Copyright © Norman Swartz, 2001. Available for downloading, free of charge, at http://www.sfu.ca/philosophy/beyond_experience.

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    Subject Index



|A |B |C |D |E |F |G |H |I |J |K |L |M |N |O |P |Q |R |S |T |U |V |W |X |Y |Z|

Absolute, the, 40
abstract calculus, 32-3, 35
– interpretation of, 32-3, 53\ n.11
absurdity (see also nonsense), 147, 152
acquaintance (direct awareness), 309, 363, 363 n.4
actualism, 243
aesthetics, 12 n.4, 22, 83, 93
affirmative-action policies, 93
algebra, 18, 75, 85, 230-1
algorithm, 54 n.12, 55, 397
Alzheimer's disease, 13-15, 21
anachronism, 63
analogy, 61, 275, 310, 348-9, 350, 354
– between space and time, 189, 190-203, 207, 213, 215
– between pains and physical objects
– contrasted with model, 62
– fallacious, 179
– in inference, 79
– in mathematics, 163
– role of, in classification, 139
analysis of concepts
– broad. See explication
– narrow (pure), 100-1, 113, 139
antecedent conditions, 36, 58, 104, 276
anthropic principle, 275, 275 n.1
anthropology, 18-19, 18 n.9, 38, 77
antinomies of space and time, 147
apories (aporetic clusters), 411
a posteriori. See under knowledge
a priori. See under knowledge
archaeology, forensic, 18, 18 n.9
arithmetic, 76, 78, 84
Artificial Intelligence (AI), 49 n.7, 91, 92, 117, 323, 324 n.32, 413
assemblages (scattered objects), 195, 265 n.18, 267, 334, 334 n.4, 349, 352
attributes. See properties, qualities vs. relations
axioms, 83, 84

B A C O n.1 - B A C O n.6 (computer programs), 52
Barber paradox, 152, 155, 309
beauty, 235
becoming, the concept of, 179
begging the question, 37, 95, 219, 221, 223, 317, 398
"being", 265
belief, 14, 31, 42, 92-3, 263 n.16, 398
– condition for knowledge, 100-1
– of animals, 30, 30 n.3
– sources of, 15, 115
– standards of rational belief, 240, 328-9, 328 n.1
betweenness, concept of, 260, 260 n.15
bibliography
– on anthropic principle, 275 n.1
– on computational explorations of problem solving, 49 n.6
– on death and dying, 414
– on extraterrestrial intelligence, 411
– on freeze tolerance, 225 n.38
– on measurement, 246 n.9
– on mind-body problem, 314 n.28
biology, 78, 79, 235, 269 n.21
biomorphs, 410
{page 434}
blindness, 170 n.15, 181 n.20, 396 n.23
body, human (see also person[s], distinct from human being[s]), 16, 93, 109, 305
born, having never been, 381 n.13
brain (see also mind/brain)
– Aristotle on the, 138
– death, 91
– infants (anacephalics) born lacking a, 360, 362
– split-brain phenomena, 91
– surgery on, 139-40
– transplant, 387, 388

calculus, 78, 79, 84
caloric. See heat, caloric theory
cancer, 139-40, 142
causality, 22, 36, 73, 94, 101, 115, 157, 212-13, 222, 251, 375
– imperceptibility of the relation of, 102
– imposed by the mind, 102
– psychologists' investigations of the concept of, 31-2, 31 n.4
– role in explanation, 58
causal theory of mind and brain. See under mind/brain
Cave, the Allegory of the, 131-2, 131 n.4, 374
central nervous system, 94, 95, 105, 134-8, 314, 315
cerebral hemispheres, 92
certainty, 27, 28-9, 37-8, 68, 240
change, 189
– in spatial relations, 195-7, 256
– in temporal relations, 176-7, 197-9
– over time, 90, 176-7, 196, 208-9, 232 n.3, 329-30, 330-1, 331-2
chemistry, 78, 235, 247
childhood development, 25, 29-30, 31, 31 n.4, 120-1, 131, 181-2, 181 n.18, 181 n.19, 305, 308 n.22, 313
Christian Scientists, 241
circularity, 288, 292 n.15, 295, 303, 304, 305, 306, 308, 311, 319
classes (sets) (see also set theory), 157, 265 n.18, 267, 268, 272, 398, 405
– infinite, 291 n.14
clinical studies, 140, 140 n.6
clusters. See assemblages
coextension, 269, 337, 365 n.6, 398
cognitive science, 48-54, 55, 56, 92
coincidences
– of invention, 78-9
– of publication, 314
collections. See assemblages
collective unconscious, 167
color perception, 130, 168-70, 170 n.15, 242
color space, 162
common sense, 158, 171
communication, 209
– with alien life, 82-9, 205, 207, 210, 212
complexity, 56, 57
computer, 21, 49, 49 n.7, 117, 323, 413
– architecture, 324
– brain as a, 324
– emulating human behavior, 21, 48, 50 n.8, 52, 117, 323, 324 n.32
conceptions contrasted with concepts, 267, 267 n.19
concepts
– analysis of. See analysis of concepts; explication
– animals', 105
– contrasted with conceptions, 267, 267 n.19
– designed for this world, 108 n.12, 113, 301-2
– distinguishing between related, 110-11, 135-6, 139-43, 156, 308-9
– empirical, 270, 284, 400
– fundamental, 23, 114, 262, 309-10
– generation of, 34, 77, 84-5, 105, 263 n.16
– identity of, 138
– in flux, 142
– modal, 226-7
– placing under stress, 108-12, 113-17, 118-44
{page 435}
– pragmatics of using, 33 n.7, 141
– pre-analytic, 103, 104, 183, 244-5, 345 n.11
– referents of, 52 n.10
– revising, 23, 25-6, 101-8, 113, 123
– sufficient conditions for having, 97, 97 n.4, 267 n.19
– used naturally (spontaneously), 31
– vagueness in, 97-100, 119
Conceptualism. See schools of philosophy, Conceptualism
confirmation, 28, 42, 69, 322, 326, 398
Congress (U.S. government), 80 n.3
conic sections, theory of, 28, 84
consciousness (see also mind), 20, 21, 30, 117, 267 n.19, 372
– as necessary condition for personhood, 360
– components of, 371
– distinguished from the external world, 305
– locating acts of, 264
– objects of, 315
– of machines (computers), 132, 323, 324 n.32
– popular view of, 314
– stream of, 364, 375
– transfer of, 109, 370
– worlds devoid of, 267, 305-6
content
– empirical, 32, 107
– explanatory, 121
– information, 74 n.17, 253, 253 n.13
contingency, 133, 184, 186, 263, 300-1, 313, 315 n.29, 351, 399
controversy
– about the reality of relations, 261
– arising from clash of intuitions, 372
– avoided in public school teaching, 75-6
– between realists and anti-realists, 272
– concerning philosophical theories, 36, 104, 118, 121, 135, 141, 155-6, 239, 355, 411
– nature of, 7
– pervasiveness of, 7
– within science, 48 n.4, 54, 68-9, 121, 247, 410
convention, 93, 160, 255, 350
cosmology, 81 n.5, 275 n.1
counterfactuals, 100, 108, 110, 111, 302 n.20, 399
counterparts, incongruous, 204-5, 207
coupletons, 301, 302 n.20, 351
Creation Science, 27-8, 88, 410
creativity (see also imagination), 20, 52, 54 n.13, 57, 75, 77, 78
curve fitting, 51, 51 n.9, 56
cybernetics, 92

Dallia pectoralis, 225
death, 14-15, 99-100, 116, 154, 363, 366, 368, 384, 387, 414
– justice after. See justice, after death
debate. See controversy
defeasibility, 349
definition
– adult's skill needed, 29, 248-9
– descriptive, 26, 106-7, 399
– stipulative, 283, 406
density, concept of, 248-51, 296-7
description, incompleteness in, 315
desires, 392-3
determinism, 16, 217 n.34
– historical, 80
deviance, linguistic, 129
diachronic identity. See identity-through-time
difference (see also one and the many), 229, 279-80, 283, 284, 286, 289, 291, 295, 298, 309, 365 n.6
dimensions
– extended concept of, 162
– fractal, 160 n.10
– topological, 160, 160 n.10, 185, 185 n.24, 187 n.25, 203 n.29, 204, 214, 264, 406, 412
Dispenser of Justice, 391-6
dispositional properties, 241-5, 302 n.20, 376-7
{page 436}
DNA, 28 n.2, 229, 233, 294
double (of a person). See look-alike
Drake equation, 81 n.4, 81 n.5
drunkenness, 380 n.11
dualist theory of mind and brain. See under mind/brain

economics, 92, 247
electricity, myths about, 145-6
emergence, 251-4
emotions, 82, 83, 140
empirical. See under concepts; content; knowledge; question
empiricism. See under schools of philosophy
enantiomorphs, 204-5, 207
energy, law of the conservation of, 44
epistemology, 12 n.4, 391 n.22, 400
eschatology, 387, 400
essences, individual. See properties, haecceitist
ethics, 12 n.4, 22, 78, 92, 93, 131, 167, 410
Euclidean Axiom, 352
events, 94, 157
evolution
– convergent, 79-80
– goal-directedness in, 79-80, 88
– of life (see also life, conditions for), 76-7
– on other planets, 81-3, 82 n.6
– preconditions for, 185 n.23
– theory of, 27-8, 88, 91, 410
exactness, 103, 104, 244-5, 318-19
existence (see also external world; realism; subsistence), 242-3, 266, 329
– as `creation', 329-30, 330 n.2
– interrupted (gappy), 330, 363, 364 n.5
– problem posed by, 274-7
exobiology, 80 n.3, 81 n.5, 400, 411
experience (see also senses [sensory modes]), 56, 57, 130, 222-3, 224, 297-8, 301
– limits of, 40, 211, 211 n.32, 236-7, 312-13
– waking vs. dreaming, 216, 220
experiment, 5, 21, 25, 42, 63-4, 64-6, 69, 70, 91, 94, 107, 165 n.12, 237
– crucial, 322, 327
– thought experiment, 213, 229, 232-3, 287 n.10
explanation, 28, 32, 33, 38, 55, 56, 57
– alternative sets of, 69, 72-4
– as more than description, 284, 290
– contrasted with explication, 104 n.10
– depth of, 294
– historical, 276
– in terms of causes, 27, 58-9
– invoking non-observables, 57
– limits on, 277
– models (theories) of, 36, 58-9, 104, 275 n.1
– models in, 121
– natural vs. supernatural, 238-9
– of human behavior, 243-4
– teleological, 58-9, 275 n.1
– transcending experience, 21
explication, 33, 36-7, 101-8, 113
– contrasted with explanation, 104 n.10
– criteria for judging, 102-8, 113-14, 123-4, 129
– dictionaries, role in, 118-19
– inability to offer, 145, 309
– levels of, 294
– preconditions for, 244-5, 307-8
– truth-valued components of, 105
external world, 235-41, 305, 328, 328 n.1
extrasensory modes, 20, 274
extraterrestrial intelligence (see also SETI), 207, 400, 411

fallacy of begging the question. See begging the question
fallacy of reification, 155 n.7
fallibility, 29
fatalism, 226
{page 437}
feral children, 131
fields (in physics), 321, 322
filter (in engineering), 31
final causes, 58
forces, 61, 320
forms. See universals
free will, 17, 21, 22, 107, 410
fruitfulness, 103, 105

galaxies, the interpenetrability of, 296, 302
gases, behavior of, 61, 320
General Semantics. See Korzybski, Alfred
geometry, 35, 75, 78, 84
– beauty in, 36
– Euclidean, 163, 165
– fractal, 160 n.10
– imposed by the mind, 30-1
– non-Euclidean, 78, 79, 90, 160-6
goals (see also purpose; see under evolution; Nature), 58 n.14
God (see also Dispenser of Justice), 43, 58, 77, 88, 92, 93, 111 n.13, 149, 150, 175, 233, 238, 240, 274, 285, 306, 330, 330 n.2
gravitation, 79, 87, 165, 320-2
Great Wall of China, 188-9, 194
guesses (as hypotheses), 26, 74

haecceity. See properties, haecceitist
Hal (computer), 117
half-truth, 72, 401
handicapped, the, 394-6, 396 n.23
Harvard University, 91 n.2
Hawaii, 195, 196
heat, 71
– Bacon on, 42-7
– caloric theory, 61-8
– kinetic (dynamic) theory, 60, 319-20
– latent, 60, 64
– Rumford on, 63-9
– specific, 44 n.2, 60
heaven (see also life, after death), 131 n.4, 392, 395, 396
hell (see also life, after death), 131 n.4, 392
here-and-now, 304-5
heuristics, 50, 51, 53, 54 n.12, 54 n.13, 55, 56
history, 6, 40
– human, 76-80
– inevitability in, 77-80, 88
– natural, 60
– of mathematics. See under mathematics
– of philosophy. See under philosophy
– of physiology, 138
– of science. See under science
– personal, 305
– political, 78
Htraenon (planet), 136-7
human being (distinct from person). See person(s), distinct from human being(s)
hypotheses, 26, 44, 45
– generation of, 42-59, 263 n.16
hypothesis space, 50, 187 n.25

idealism, 238, 401
"ideas in the mind", ambiguity of, 271, 271 n.24
identity
– contrasted with correlation, 325-6
– diachronic. See identity-through-time
– metaphysical principles favoring, 325-6
– numerical (see also identity-through-time; individuation), 230-4, 231 n.3, 278, 279
– of indiscernibles (see also indiscernibility, of identicals), 232, 279, 285, 286
– of mind and brain. See under mind / brain
– of properties ( / states), 315-27
{page 438}
– personal. See personal identity
– qualitative, 229-34, 231 n.2, 274, 279, 285, 286, 333, 341
– synchronic. See individuation
– through time. See identity-through-time
– uniqueness (peculiarity) of the relation of, 311
identity-through-time, 100, 192-3, 278, 287 n.10, 302, 328-57
– adapted to the contingencies of this world, 353, 356
– competing criteria of, 347-51, 351, 379
– conceptual not perceptual problem, 329-31, 347-8
– consistent with change, 331-2, 332, 335-6, 340
– consistent with replacement of parts, 331-2, 333-5, 337, 344-51
– contrasted with individuation, 278-9, 287 n.10, 328, 333
– conventional aspects of, 350-1
– epistemological problem of, 336, 337
– formal conditions for, 333, 340, 342, 343
– Hume on, 329, 331-2
– impossibility of a general account of, 344, 344 n.11
– ineliminable vagueness in the criterion of, 354-7
– informed by ethics, the law, etc., 353, 356
– `loose' and `strict' concepts of, 332, 337, 345 n.11
– metaphysical presuppositions of theory of, 329-30
– metaphysical problem of, 337
– negative theories of, 337-57
– of kind, 343, 344, 344 n.11
– of objects not continuously observed, 329-30
– of properties, 331-2
– of ship of Theseus, 344-51
– of stuff, 335, 343, 345 n.11
– parts as identifier, 334-5, 341 n.8, 347-51, 351
– positive (substance) theory of, 335-7, 355
imagination (see also creativity), 143-4, 207
imitation game (Turing), 324 n.32
impenetrability of physical objects, 112, 295-302, 362
– Locke on, 297-8
– Newton on, 297
– principle of, 295, 297, 299, 302
– Quinton on, 298-9, 299 n.19
– Waismann on, 299
implication, 231
incoherence, 129, 147, 152, 158, 167, 172, 218, 230, 306, 382-5, 386
indeterminacy. See mechanics, quantum
indiscernibility
– in principle, 231 n.2
– of identicals (see also identity, of indiscernibles), 231, 231 n.2, 232 n.3, 314, 314 n.27
individual things. See particulars
individuation, 279-327, 413
– adapted to the contingencies of this world, 297, 301-2, 302 n.20, 362 n.3
– by direct observation, 312, 313
– by reference to a privileged position, 304-5
– contrasted with identity-through-time, 278-9, 287 n.10, 328, 333
– counting, as a criterion of, 280, 280 n.4, 294, 309 n.23, 362
– epistemological problem of, 280, 284, 285, 287, 289, 291, 294, 298, 304, 305-7
– logically independent means of, 311-12, 317-18
– metaphysical problem of, 280, 284, 285, 289, 294, 305-7
– methodology of, 312-27
– negative (bundle) theories of (see also {page 439} individuation, radical negative theory), 279, 284-311
– of nonphysical objects, 311-27
– positive (substance) theories of, 279, 281-4, 294, 308-9, 310, 336
– radical negative theory of, 307-11
– role of theory in, 322-7
– theory of absolute space and time as a presupposition of, 303-7
induction
– as a logic of discovery, 47, 55, 56, 60
– as a logic of justification, 47
– Bacon's theory of, 42-7, 86
– by simple enumeration, 46
inference, 46, 253 n.13, 309
infinite regress, 266, 295, 303, 304, 305, 335
instantiation, 28, 266, 290, 293
instinct (see also intuitions), 106
instrumentalism, 53 n.10
instruments, scientific, 20, 60, 159, 164, 174, 284, 320
intelligence, 246
– limits on human, 43, 45
interpretation of an abstract calculus. See under abstract calculus
intuitions, 62, 105-6, 106 n.11, 115, 116, 224, 251, 252, 253, 345 n.11, 346 n.11, 349, 354-5, 372, 379, 384-5, 389
invention, 78-9

journals (see also magazines, popular)
– interdisciplinary, 92 n.3
– philosophical, 5, 6, 114, 115, 156
– scientific, 4-5, 33, 90, 90 n.1
justice, 106, 107, 108, 380, 410
– after death, 380 n.11, 390-6

knowledge
– absence of natural stopping point, 97
– analysis of, 100, 410
– analytic, 101
– a posteriori (experiential), 20-1, 181-2, 298, 397
– a priori, 55, 57, 59, 90, 91, 101, 101 n.8, 106, 224, 397
– empirical, 56, 59, 90, 101 n.8, 400
– ideal, 35
– in metaphysics, 96
– of parts and of wholes, 251-3
– prenatal, 116
– prior (background), 27, 104, 107, 391 n.22
– unsatisfactory, 158

language, 82, 84, 86, 92, 97
– animals' lack of, 30, 30 n.3, 97 n.4
– changes in, 142, 166-7, 166 n.13
– learning, 101 n.8
– machine translation of, 50 n.8
– of textbooks, 34
– philosophy of, 115
– speaking, 112
Law (jurisprudence), 360-1, 389
law of addition (Campbell), 246-7
law of excluded middle, 401
law(s)
– causal, 213
– historical, 276
– of addition, 246-7
– of excluded middle, 401
– of Nature, 211 n.32, 217 n.34, 270 n.23, 275 n.2, 299, 301, 352, 391 n.22, 392-3, 404
– of thermodynamics, 213, 314
– physical. See law(s), of Nature
– protolaws, 275 n.2
– scientific, 36, 56, 84, 146, 247
– statistical, 104, 294
– universal, 104
life
– after death, 390-6
– conditions for (see also evolution, of life), 81
light, transmission of, 150, 165, 165 n.12, 213, 236, 322
linguistic deviance, 129
linguistics, 92
{page 440}
lobotomy, 139-40, 142
logarithms, 28
"logic", the definition of, 55-6
logic, 12 n.4, 68, 78, 90, 115, 261
– engine, 49
– of theory testing, 69-74
– truth of, 148, 227
Logical Positivism. See under schools of philosophy
London Bridge, 350
look-alike (double of a person), 383-5, 383 n.14
love, unrequited, 392

magazines, popular, 5
mapping between spatial and temporal terms, 190-2, 193, 196, 197, 199, 200, 208
maps (of one's body), internal, 121
mass, 150, 166, 189
– concept of, 52-3, 53 n.11, 78, 79, 85, 249, 259, 301
– inertial vs. gravitational, 320-2, 324
– punctiform, 52 n.10, 186
materialism, 238, 402
mathematics (see also algebra; arithmetic; calculus; geometry), 18, 79, 86, 107, 410
– abstract entities in, 272-3
– history of, 18, 75, 76
– regarded as an a priori science, 90
– symbolic formulas in, 32-3, 231-2
– symbols of, 76
meanings of words
– ambiguity in, 271 n.24, 280-1
– change in, 99-100, 100 n.5, 142, 150, 236 n.5, 268 n.21
– equivalence in the, 316, 319
– knowing the, 29
– nonexistent, 129
– specialized, 166
measurement, 60, 65, 158-60, 158 n.8, 164, 173-4, 245-7, 246 n.9, 320
mechanics
– fundamental concepts of, 85
– Newtonian, 79, 85, 87, 320-1, 322
– quantum, 63, 72, 85-6, 92, 276 n.2
memory, 107, 174, 220-3, 236 n.5, 256, 318, 371-2, 372 n.10, 376
– Butler on, 371-2
– dispositional nature of, 376-7
– distinguished from precognition, 220-4
– encoded in central nervous system, 377
– Hume on, 372 n.10, 375
– Locke on, 371, 379
– loss, 376, 378-9, 380 n.11, 381 n.12
– swapping, 377-8
– symmetry with anticipation, 387
– veridical vs. falsidical, 220-3, 373-4, 376
Mercury (planet), 322
mereological sums. See assemblages
metaphor, 121
"metaphysics", etymology of, 21, 21 n.11
metaphysics (see also philosophy; theories, metaphysical)
– blending into science, 21, 41-2, 55, 57, 62, 90-1, 96, 236
– comprehensive, 22
– contrasted with other branches of philosophy, 12 n.4
– descriptive, 23
– essence of, 186
– informed by science, 41-2
– pervasiveness of its presuppositions, 70, 240-1
– popular (naive), 313-14
– practice of, 37, 102, 171-2, 361, 388-90
– revisionary, 23
– speculative, 39, 275 n.2
– underdetermined by empirical data, 72
methodology, 86, 402
– philosophical, 113-17, 118, 152, {page 441} 152-7, 171-2, 175, 219, 233, 238, 240-1, 244-5, 278, 282, 284, 307, 340-1
– quantitative, 60, 65
– scientific, 54, 55-8, 60, 75, 102, 156, 250, 319-27, 368
metric, 342 n.9
Mill's methods, 43, 102
mind (see also mind/brain; consciousness), 22, 54 n.13, 93, 111, 157, 214, 271, 365, 410
– location in space, 264
mind/brain
– causal theory, 135, 325
– dualism, 92, 93-6, 325-6
– identity theory, 135, 313-27
– monism, 95-6
miracle, 77, 107
mirror images, 183 n.22, 204
Mississippi River, 193-4, 265 n.18, 352
mitosis, 301, 302 n.20, 351-3
model of the world, 62
models
– in explanation. See under explanation
– in geometry, 164
– in scientific explanations, 121
– of explanation. See under explanation
monist theory of mind and brain. See under mind/brain
motion
– as basis of heat, 44, 46-7, 60, 63, 66, 67
– laws of, 84
– Newton's second law of, 33, 52, 53 n.11
– Newton's third law of, 79, 87
multiplicity (see also one and the many), 229, 274
murder, 116, 226, 394
music, 82-3
myths, 38

NASA, 80 n.3, 81, 344 n.11
natural kind, 281 n.5
natural philosophy, 90
natural place, 238
Nature, 77
– goal-directedness in, 79
– imperfection in, 233
– order underlying, 48
– reading the secrets of, 55, 56, 75, 86, 87
– supposed simplicity of, 57
necessary condition, 83, 86, 275, 403
necessary truth, 298-9, 300, 302, 351, 403
neighborhood (mathematics), 342, 342 n.9
neurophysiology, 134, 138, 323
Nominalism. See schools of philosophy, Nominalist
nonsense (see also absurdity), 145-6, 147, 148, 187 n.25
Nothing (Nothingness), 39, 153-5, 155 n.7, 330 n.2, 365, 366
nothing (quantifier), 153-5, 155 n.7
number, concept of, 114 n.15, 245
numbers, 84, 157, 158, 231, 402
numerical identity. See identity, numerical

objectivity, 6, 37, 70-1, 83, 93, 174, 216, 221-3, 238, 240, 356
objects, abstract (see also objects, nonphysical; objects, physical), 265-6, 271, 272
objects, nonphysical (see also objects, abstract; objects, physical), 61, 94, 95, 112, 157
– individuation of, 311-27
objects, physical (see also objects, abstract; objects, nonphysical), 16, 31, 94, 115, 157, 223
– as `copies' of universals, 266
– as distributions of energy, 148 n.2
– as objects of sensory modes, 119
{page 442}
– as sharing universals, 266
– Berkeley on, 167, 238
– endurance through time, 100, 101, 187-9, 362
– external to one's body, 131-2, 133-4
– impenetrability of. See impenetrability of physical objects
– located in space (/time), 149, 150, 264, 265
– multidimensional, 189
– necessary conditions for being, 183-6, 194, 296, 299-300
– obscured from view, 30, 71
– parts of, 100
– perception of, 168
– primitiveness of the concept of, 307-11
– problem posed by the existence of, 274-8
– properties of, 107
– role in negative theory of space, 148
– scattered. See assemblages
– skepticism about the existence of, 277-8
– spatiotemporal. See objects, physical, located in space (/time)
– temporally symmetrical, 208-9
observation, 42, 45, 54, 54 n.13, 55, 56, 57, 59, 69, 322
occurrent properties, 241 n.6
Ockham's razor, 307, 307 n.21, 325
Ohm's law, 33
one and the many, the question of the, 228-34, 270
ontology, 157-8, 171-2, 274, 276 n.2, 403
opinion, 93
optics, theory of geometrical, 27, 28
ordered pairs, 286, 287, 406
orderings, 187 n.25, 246-7, 249, 290, 342
order underlying Nature, 48
ordinary-language philosophy. See schools of philosophy, Contextualist
Ozma problem, 207, 210

pains, 17-18, 20, 95, 96, 118, 157, 238, 392-3
– distinct from injury, 121-9, 134-5
– locating, 120-9
– object of, 119, 130-2
– phantom-limb, 121-9
– psychosomatic, 134
– shared, out-of-body, 118-29, 143
– their hurting, 139-43, 143
– theories of, 119-22, 134, 138, 244
– unfelt, 130-4, 143
– without a nervous system, 135-8, 143
paradigms, 59
paranormal, 91
paraphrase (see also propositions, equivalent), 152, 155-7, 167
particulars, 22, 40, 259, 262, 266, 271, 401, 403
– bare, 308-9, 310
parts
– contrasted with properties, 261-2, 333-5
– location (in space and time) of, 295, 299 n.19, 353
– replacement of vs. disassembly into, 350
– spatial and temporal, 188, 191-2, 194, 199, 203 n.30, 215, 265 n.18, 276, 352
– tropes as `subtle' parts, 268
past, altering the, 226-7
perception, 236, 236 n.5
– alleged imperceptibility of constant objects in, 364 n.6
– centrality in empiricism, 238
– interrupted (discontinuous), 329, 363
– theories of, 236, 309
personal identity (see also person[s]; souls), 14, 107, 108-11, 256-7, 357, 358-96, 413-14
– adapted to the contingencies of this world, 378
– Butler on, 371-2
– conferred by bundles of sensations, 367
– conferred by (human) body, 367, 370, 379-81, 381 n.12
{page 443}
– conferred by memory (and personality) (see also memory), 363, 367, 371-4, 377-81, 385-6
– conferred by soul (see also souls), 367, 367-70
– dependent on anticipations, 387
– dependent on historical setting, 381-5, 385 n.18
– dependent on one's parentage, 386
– dependent on possessions, 387
– epistemological problem of, 368-9
– extended in time, 362-3
– grounded in self. See self
– ineliminable vagueness in the criteria for, 388-90
– legal implications of criterion of, 379-81
– Locke on, 370-1
– metaphysical problem of, 369
– practical criterion of, 376
– principal contemporary theories of, 367-81
– requirements for a theory of, 376-7
– same as individuation of person, 361-3
person(s) (see also personal identity; souls), 14-15, 16, 78, 108-11, 115
– conceptual vs. legal criteria for being, 360-1
– distinct from human being(s), 109-11, 115, 116, 222, 222 n.36, 359-61, 361-2
– history of concept of, 116
– in nonhuman bodies, 358-9, 360, 360 n.1, 360 n.2, 362, 369
– Locke on, 100, 115
– necessarily embodied, 374, 376, 378
personality, 111, 243-4, 256-7, 376
– different from character, 377
– dispositional nature of, 376-7
– encoded in central nervous system, 377
phenomenology, 130, 132, 135, 169, 170 n.15, 404
philosophers of science, 33, 47-8
philosophy (see also ethics; metaphysics), 92
– absence of natural stopping point, 294
– aesthetic aspects of, 143
– as an attitude, 8
– consensus within, 38 n.9
– departments of, 90, 91 n.2
– history of, 22, 257, 261, 262, 268, 287, 306, 314
– humor in, 153 n.5
– informed by empirical data, 91, 107
– main divisions, 12 n.4
– pleasure in doing, 5-6, 143, 190, 266
– practice of, 115, 118, 156-7, 356
– questions naturally arising in, 228
– schools of. See schools of philosophy
– teaching of, 37, 156
– writing of, 5-7, 239
physics, 72, 78, 79, 84, 151, 160, 211, 235, 247, 275 n.1
– causal explanations in, 58
– departments of, 90
– laws of, 83
– symbolism of, 84
place (see also space)
– being in more than one, 192-5, 216-18, 218 n.35, 264, 352
– concept of, 148
– determined by coordinate system, 303
– exclusivity of, 292-5, 295-302
– natural, 238
– of the entire universe, 265 n.18
Platonism. See realism, in regard to universals
poets, 118
poliomyelitis, theory of, 27, 28, 62
position (in space and time), 292-5, 303-7
– privileged (here-and-now), 304-5
Positivism, Logical. See schools of philosophy, Logical Positivist
possibility
– logical, 110, 112, 135-6, 139, 140, 141, 152, 182, 183, 217, 226, 227, 233, 383, 396
– physical, 81, 108, 109, 217, 225, 391, 391 n.22, 395, 404
{page 444}
possible worlds (see also possible-worlds tales), 260, 272, 292, 301-2, 302 n.20, 351, 399, 403
– as counterfactual situations, 100
– best of all, 111 n.13
– concept of, 108, 108 n.12, 108-12, 114, 115, 245
– devoid of consciousness, 267, 305-6
– in which Bacon's methods work, 56, 60
– in which fission (of ordinary objects) is commonplace, 352-3, 353 n.13
– in which memory swapping occurs, 377-8
– in which sensory modalities do not correlate, 182-3, 184-5
– in which time travel occurs, 226
– remote from the actual world, 302 n.20
– role in conceptual analysis, 113
possible-worlds tales (see also possible worlds), 112, 139, 272
– illustrating identity-through-time solely of `thing', 344 n.11
– illustrating material objects occupying the same place, 299, 300, 301-2
– illustrating out-of-body pain, 124-9
– illustrating pains in the absence of nervous systems, 136-8
– illustrating pains which do not hurt, 139-41
– illustrating unconnectedness of space and of time, 215-24
– illustrating unfelt pain, 132-4
– in theory of individuation, 301-2, 302 n.20
– limits in effectiveness of, 108 n.12, 113-17, 218-19
– role in conceptual analysis, 118, 143-4
potentiality, 241, 243
precognition, 20, 220-4, 384
predecessor/successor, 342
predication, 255, 257, 259, 404
prediction, 217 n.34, 251
presuppositions, 6, 70-2, 107, 152, 223
primitive tribes, 77
probability, 71, 77, 79-80, 81, 102, 106
problem solving, 48-54, 55
profit, 25
progress, human, 77
proof, 38, 70-1, 72, 86, 107, 238, 239, 240
properties
– accidental (extrinsic), 106 n.11, 234, 257, 356, 397
– analysis of the concept of, 234
– binary, 245-6
– cataloguing of, 234-5, 235-61
– centrality of the concept of, 234
– change in, 196
– comparative vs. quantitative, 245-7
– contrasted with parts. See parts, contrasted with properties
– eliminable vs. ineliminable, 248-50, 257-61, 268, 287
– emergent, 251-4
– existing outside of space and time, 264-5
– generality of, 262, 288, 290, 293
– haecceitist, 288-90, 290, 291
– intensive vs. extensive, 248-51, 301
– intrinsic, 234, 255, 260
– logically inconsistent, 177-8
– manifest vs. dispositional, 241-5, 302 n.20, 376-7
– mathematical, 164
– occurrent, 241 n.6
– of part and of whole, 251-2
– of properties, 246, 246 n.8, 247-8, 250, 266
– of surfaces, 164
– ordinal, 288 n.12, 290-5
– physical, 95, 164
– primary vs. secondary, 235-41
– proprietary, 288, 290, 292, 293-4
– qualities vs. relations, 255-61, 285, 286-7
– regarded as tropes, 268-70
– relational, 258-9, 285-8, 290, 290 n.13
{page 445}
– requirements for a theory of, 262-3
– sharing in common (see also identity, qualitative), 231-2, 231 n.2, 232-4, 262, 267, 270, 274, 279, 286, 333
– uninstantiated, 262-3, 268
propositions, 404
– equivalent (see also paraphrase), 260
– particular, 403
– relational, 257-61
– subject/predicate, 257-61
pseudo-statements, 41
psychoanalysts, 118
psychologizing, 34
psychology, 38, 84, 92, 95, 231 n.2, 247, 323, 367
– departments of, 90-1, 91 n.2
punishment, 16-17, 379-80, 380 n.11, 381 n.12, 393-4
purpose (see also goals), 58-9

qualitative identity. See identity, qualitative
qualitative property. See properties, comparative vs. quantitative
qualitative similarity, the relation of (see also similarity), 341-4, 343 n.10, 350
qualities. See properties, qualities vs. relations
quantifier (see also nothing [quantifier]), 154, 231
question(s)
– arising naturally in philosophy, 228
– empirical, 118
– fallacy of begging the. See begging the question
– unanswerable (ill-conceived), 152, 168-71, 276-7, 278, 309

raccoon's tale, 358-9
rationality, 369
realism (see also existence)
– in regard to definable properties, 250-1
– in regard to manifest properties, 243
– in regard to relations, 256-61
– in regard to universals, 263, 265-73, 270 n.23, 407
– in science (see also theoretical entities), 52 n.10
reconstruction, philosophical. See explication
red-shift, 322
regress, infinite. See infinite regress
re-identification. See identity-through-time
relational properties. See properties, relational
relation(s)
– as solution to problem of identity-through-time, 337
– as solution to problem of individuation, 292-5, 303, 310-11, 317, 318
– change in. See under change
– `collapsed', 290, 290 n.13
– contrasted with qualities. See properties, qualities vs. relations
– identity-preserving, 341-4
– in the theory of tropes, 269-70
– of identity, 311-12
– of qualitative similarity, 341-4
– ontically necessary, 271 n.23
– spatial, 112, 215-17, 265 n.18
– temporal, 215-24, 265 n.18
relativity, Einstein's theories of, 92, 145, 150, 165 n.12, 187 n.25, 276 n.2, 293 n.16, 322, 412
religion, 12, 88, 93, 264, 274-5, 366, 366 n.7, 367-8, 391
research, quantitative, 60
resemblance (see also similarity), 375
– in Locke's theory of perception, 237
retrodiction, 217 n.34, 405

scattered objects. See assemblages
schools, public, 7, 27-8, 54, 75-6, 145-6, 351
schools of philosophy, 6, 33, 389
– Analytic, 6, 33, 35, 103
{page 446}
– Cartesian, 238, 398
– Conceptualist, 267, 273
– Contextualist (ordinary-language), 33
– Continental, 154
– Emergentist, 251-4
– Empiricist, 237, 238, 239, 240, 397
– Existentialist, 154
– Formalist, 33-7, 104
– Idealist, 238
– Logical Positivist, 39-42, 96
– Materialist, 238
– Necessitarian, 271 n.23
– Nominalist, 267, 268, 270 n.23
– Platonist. See realism, in regard to universals
– Regularist, 271 n.23
– Scholastic, 111, 329-30
– Williams, D.C., and K. Campbell (on tropes), 267, 268-70
science, 20-1
– blending into metaphysics, 21, 41-2, 55, 57, 59, 62, 90-1, 96, 236, 250, 365 n.6
– history of, 54, 75, 249, 253, 275 n.1, 306, 316, 319-22, 326
– limits of, 90-7
– meaningfulness of statements in, 41-2
– metaphysical presuppositions in, 75, 81-9, 91, 247, 250, 254, 327, 410
– progress in, 323
– teaching of, 34-5, 145-6
science-fiction theorizing. See possible worlds; possible-worlds tales
scientific society, 90
"scientist", origin of the term, 67 n.16
self-refutation, 364
self (see also personal identity)
– as a bundle of perceptions, 364
– dysfunctional concept of, 389 n.20
– Hume on, 363-4
– ineffableness of, 365
– no-ownership theory of, 364
– Taylor on, 365-6
– variety of theories of, 366-7
semantics, 248, 316, 405
sense-data, 130 n.3
senses (sensory modes) (see also extrasensory modes), 19-21, 78, 84, 170 n.15, 252
– adverbial theory of, 130, 132, 134
– Bacon on the trustworthiness of, 45
– correlations across, 181-6, 181 n.20, 260, 312-13, 313 n.26
– corroborated by physical data, 221-3
– Locke on, 235-6, 237
– more than five, 19-20
– objects of, 119, 328
– relational (act/object) theory of, 130, 132, 134
SETI (Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence) (see also extraterrestrial intelligence), 80-9, 400
set theory, 18, 148-9
ship of Theseus, 344-51, 379
similarity, relation of (see also qualitative similarity; resemblance), 259, 268, 270
simplicity, 103, 104, 105
singletons, 301, 302 n.20
skepticism (about the external world), 240, 328
sleep, 118, 216-18, 363, 364 n.5, 380, 383 n.14
social science, 58 n.14, 247
solidity (of material objects). See impenetrability of physical objects
souls (see also personal identity; person[s]), 21, 108-9, 365, 366 n.7, 367-70, 370, 376
sounds, world of, 112
space (see also parts, spatial and temporal; place; relations, spatial) 9-11, 13, 16, 22, 71
– amorphousness of absolute space, 303-4, 306
– as a kind of `stuff'. See space, positive theory
– connectedness (unity) of, 214-24
{page 447}
– curvature of, 160-7
– edgelessness of, 10, 147, 149, 151, 152, 155
– extended (generalized) concept of, 50, 162-3, 180-6, 187 n.25
– extension in, 186-7, 188, 193-4, 199-200, 336
– formal analogy with time, 172, 189, 190-203, 207-13, 215-24, 400
– hypothesis space, 50, 187 n.25
– infinity of, 9-10
– inscrutableness of, 146
– Leibniz on, 148-9, 150-1, 159
– movement in, 192, 200-3
– necessary conditions for a theory of, 147, 150-1, 157
– negative (relative or neo-Leibnizian) theory of, 148-71, 175, 265 n.18, 303-7, 307
– Newton on, 149, 150
– objective (public), 182, 184
– path through time and. See space-time path
– perceiving of, 167-71
– point in, 52 n.10
– position in, 293-5
– positive (absolute or container) theory of, 91, 92, 149, 151, 173, 175, 303-7, 307
– Quinton on, 215-24
– "right/left" problem, 205-8
– sensory (auditory, visual, etc.), 112, 132, 181-6, 187 n.25, 260 n.15, 304, 313
space-time path, 338-44, 351, 352
spatiotemporal continuity, strengthened criterion of, 343, 344, 346-7, 347-51, 351, 353
spatiotemporal objects. See objects, physical, located in space (/time)
speed, concept of, 249-50, 249 n.11
split-brain. See under brain
stage, temporal. See parts, spatial and temporal
statistics, 45-6, 294
stream of consciousness, 364, 375
subconscious, 131 n.4
subjectivity, 93, 356
subsistence (of abstract objects), 265, 267, 271
substance
– as identifier. See identity-through-time, positive theory of
– as individuator. See individuation, positive theories of
– as ontological glue, 282-3
– Locke on, 281-4
– mental, 93, 94
– physical, 93, 94
– unperceivable, 238, 336-7
sufficient condition, 86, 406
sufficient reason, 233
suspended animation, 225
symmetry, 204, 207, 208, 211 n.32, 412

taxonomy, 346 n.11
technology, 77, 84
teleology. See under explanation
temperature, 44, 64, 67, 319, 324
tenses of verbs, 178-9
textbooks, 3-4, 34, 75-6
theology. See religion
theoretical (hypothetical) entities (see also realism, in science), 321
theories (see also theories, metaphysical; theories, scientific), 24-38
– construed as mathematical formulas, 32-7
– construed as sets of hypotheses, 26
– criteria for judging, 27, 28
– degree of confirmation, 28-9
– generating, 34
– loose fit with data, 69
– negative, 270
– pervasiveness of, 24-5, 29-30, 34
– produced by animals, 30
– produced by children, 29
– teaching, 27-8, 34, 76
{page 448}
– testing, 41, 71-2
– truth-valued, 27
theories, metaphysical
– aesthetic features of, 261, 306
– informing world-views, 12-18
– origins of, 355
– resistant to empirical test, 12-13
– tailored to this world, 108
theories, scientific (see also law[s], scientific), 32-5, 38
– as comprehensive explanations, 51, 53 n.11, 326
– essential metaphysical components in, 41-2
– grounds for acceptance of, 47 n.4, 59-69
– of fluids (historical), 62
– revolutionary, 51, 56, 68-9, 87
– testing, 69, 86, 121, 315-27
thermometer, 60
"things", defined broadly, 157
time (see also change; identity-through-time; parts, spatial and temporal; relations, temporal), 13, 22, 71, 115
– amorphousness of absolute time, 303
– analog of the "right/left" problem, 203-13
– Augustine on, 145, 173-5
– beginning and end of, 10, 147
– connectedness (unity) of, 214-24
– Descartes on, 330 n.2
– direction of, 210-13
– extension in, 187-9, 193-4, 199-200, 336
– formal analogy with space, 172, 174, 189, 190-203, 207-13, 215-24, 400
– infinite divisibility of, 341-2
– inscrutableness of, 146
– McTaggart on, 175-9, 175 n.16, 199
– moving about in, 200-3, 224-7, 352, 382, 384 n.16
– necessary conditions for a theory of, 147, 150-1, 180
– negative theory of (relative or static) time, 150, 179-80, 265 n.18
– path through space and. See space-time path
– position in, 293-5
– positive theory of (absolute or dynamic) time, 90, 172-9, 303-7
– psychological theory of, 173-4
– Quinton on, 215-24
– without change, 112
time travel, accelerated. See time, moving about in
tropes, 267, 268-70
– accommodating relations in the theory of, 269-70
– regarded as `subtle' parts, 268
truth, 74, 86, 93, 250, 251, 298
– necessary. See necessary truth
truth-value, 28

underdeterminism, 38, 45, 72-4, 88, 96-7, 240-1, 406-7, 411
understanding, 104
universals (see also realism, in regard to universals), 22, 266, 407

vagueness
– in concepts, 97-100, 119
– in criteria for identity-through-time, 354-7
– in criteria for personal identity, 388-90
– in the principle of impenetrability, 302
– mechanisms for reducing, 99-100, 103
– necessity for, 98-9
– of the concept of metaphysics, 19, 97-100
– Russell on, 98
values, 38, 276 n.2
variables, use of, 230-1, 341
visual fields, 95

waiting, 224
white dwarfs, 297
{page 449}
world, the (see also Nature), 407
– complexity of, 56, 57
– external. See external world
– interacting with, 131-2
– model of, 62
– problem of the existence of, 274-7
– understanding, 144
– what kind it is, 56-7, 108, 108 n.12, 116, 130, 184, 227
worlds. See possible worlds

Zeno's paradoxes, 412
zero, symbol for, 76