322 Syntax

Exercise 7

Answer Sheet

Complete the following from Carnie on p. 139:

Complete 1 Trees in the X⁰ framework. Pay close attention to the PPs whether they are arguments (complements) or modifiers (adjuncts). If necessary, go to either the 222 notes or to the paper that Dr. Hedberg and I wrote in 1999.

b) Draw a triangle for the PP 'with Héloïse in mind.' What is the relation between 'Héloïse' and 'in mind'; i.e. an argument or a modifier?

'in mind' requires a complement: Heloise; 'with' requires a complement: 'Heloise in mind.'

c) Use a triangle for 'Héloïse's pen'.

d) Delete the word yesterday We simply do not know how to handle it.

e) Delete 'all night long.' Use a triangle for each proper name.

(here)

Complete 2. German Noun Phrases

German is like English in that phrasal nodesmay be omitted (under certain conditions in syntax and pragmatically). The quantifier may be omitted, unlike English. This leaves the determiner heading nothing. (This rule is colloquial and not part of standard German.)

In English (many standard dialects) the pronoun 'one' and [null] can replace (or be substituted [note that these are not exactly accurate terms]) for repeated adjuncts but not for repeated heads. In German the same rules apply. Now, Carnie and others use this as evidence for X-bar, which makes little sense. Only exical items can undergo this rue, but operators (specifiers) cannot. The 'i' sentence in German violates the rule that does not permit heads to be relaced with [null].

Complete 3 Japanese

1) 'ga' marks the subject, 'o' marks the direct object.

2) S - O - V

3) precedes.

4) precedes.

5) precedes.

6)

Complete 4 Parameters

Tzotzil: Verb first, Subject second; D precedes head;

Hiaki: Verb last, Subject first, Object last (or before V); D precedes head, P follows head, adj. follows head.

Japanese: Subject first, Object precedes V; D precedes head.

Persian: Subject first, Object precedes V;

German: Subject first, Verb last, Object precedes V; D preceders head, P precedes head; adjunct precedes head.