- concentration of ownership (Herman & McChesney)- vertical integration (hardware, content or software, distribution, spin-offs etc)
Commoditization of the listening experience:
Some characteristics:
- standardization and simplification (vs extension)- exchange value dominates use value
- listening linked to economic models (e.g. taxation, donation, subscription, advertising)
advertising as the production of the consumer: the audience as a commodity is "sold" to advertisers- listening is extended: analytical <------> distracted
the distracted listener within a surrogate, schizophonic "accompaniment" environmentmood and time flow imposed
images and associations emphasized, particularly in advertising
memorability assured through techniques of neo-orality
