Keywords - L222.3

Chapter 3: Phrase Markers

• Overview
  • What is a phrase-marker? How are they generated?
• The sentence
  • What is the head of the sentence?
• Nature of phrase-markers (tree structures)
  • head, complement, phrase
  • sister, mother, daughter
  • dominate, immediately dominate
• NP
  • adjunction
  • modifier of NP (lexical modifier)
  • quantifier (operator modifier)
  • determiner of NP (operator modifier)
• Three basic types of structure
  • head - complement (complement may be null )
  • adjunction
  • conjunction
• projection of X
  • head, phrase
• c-command
  • anaphors
  • the antecedent of an anaphor must c-command the anaphor
• constraining phrase-markers
  • no crossing branches constraint (no discontinuous constituents)
• generating phrase-markers
  • top down
    • phrase structure rules
  • bottom up
    • head - complement
    • adjunction
    • conjunction
• another look at categories
  • obvious categories
  • intransitive prepositions (particles)
    • not in construction with a NP.
  • complementizers (mood markers)
  • S as complement of P (before, after, while, since)
    • complement of P may be S, NP, [NULL]
    • Modified by degree words (right, ever [since])
• conflating categories
  • A (conflated category) = Adj, Adv
  • modifiers (function) = D, A, Deg, Qu(antifier)
  • 'a', 'an' could be considered Qu
• nature of categories
  • the binary system of categories
    • lexical features: ±V, ±N.
    • secondary features
      • ±Aux, ±Modal
    • operator features
      • C, T, Rel, Asp, Vce, Q, Neg
    • oddballs:
      • better (you had better go). (*bettern't)

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This page last updated 30 JA 2000