Linguistics 322

Fall 1999

Exercise No. 4

Exercise I:

1.   Which of the following nouns have sense, and which are referential only?

1. mike, Paula, Bill, cup, rice, grandmother, Mike, sand, sun, Ralph, queen, Anne, a Ford.

Take one lexical noun and one referential noun from your answers and explain why one has sense and the other reference.

2.   Determine the logical structure for the following sentences. In the third sentence, complete the final structure of the two NPs.

1. John swallowed a potato.
2. The dog caught a mouse.
3. The two elephants trampled the Mercedes.

Sample answer: Eloise bought a kitten.

Note: there should be square brackets placed around [+Ct, -Pl, +Def] for "a". (The original is lost.) And NUMBER ONE Should be dominated by Qu, and <argument> by NP --- N (All in red).

We haven't learn how to deal with TENSE and verbs yet. They remain expanded. The forms in red represent items added to the structure after the application of rules of agreement. NJot mentioned in class is the claim that names, as opposed to lexical nouns, are inherent defintite. The name is the identity. DEFINITE, which modifies ELOISE above is null when modifying names of individuals; when referring to families, it is spelled out as the.; e.g., the Joneses.

In the simple forms where you don't hve to apply any agreement rules and categorial rules, the form is much simplied:

Course Outline L322