Politics
851 The Public Policy Process
September
2002
Wednesday
9:30-12:30
AQ2120
M. Howlett
AQ 6043
604.291.3082
Office Hours: Wed 12:30 1:30
Overview:
This course is designed to
review relevant theoretical materials pertaining to public policy-making and
test key hypotheses in the policy sciences through empirical examinations of
Canadian cases in public policy-making. Policy theory related to the policy
cycle, policy ideas, policy styles, and policy regimes will be reviewed and
tested against examples of Canadian policy making behaviour. Throughout the
course an emphasis will be placed on methodological aspects of operationalizing
key concepts in the field.
Required
Texts:
None.
Course Readings have been placed on reserve in Bennett Library
Grading:
Class
Presentations:
At the beginning of term, each student will be assigned two weeks for which he/she will be responsible for commenting on the theoretical and methodological issues raised in that week¹s readings. Missed assignments will receive a zero (0) grade. Students who are not presenting are expected to comment and critique class presentations and contribute to the development of a common understanding of conceptual and methodological issues of interest to political scientists engaged in public policy research.
Paper
Topics:
By
mid-term, each student will identify a specific topic area and methodological
issue which will be the subject of their term paper. These topics and issues
will be investigated through examination of a specific empirical case of
Canadian public policy-making. Preliminary drafts of the term papers will be
presented to class in Weeks XI-XIII. Papers are due on the last day of class,
with the exception of those students presenting in Week XIII who will be
granted an automatic one week extension. Late papers will lose 10% per day
late.
Policy
Analysis and Political Science:
Garson, G. David. ³From Policy Science to Policy
Analysis: A Quarter Century of Progress.² In W. N. Dunn, ed(s), Policy
Analysis: Perspectives, Concepts,
and Methods, Greenwich,
Conn.: JAI Press, 1986. 3-22.
Hawkesworth, Mary. ³Epistemology and Policy
Analysis.² In W. Dunn and R. M. Kelly, ed(s), Advances in Policy Studies, New Brunswick: Transaction Press,
1992. 291-329.
Torgerson, Douglas. ³Between Knowledge and
Politics: Three Faces Of Policy Analysis.² Policy Sciences. 19, no. 1
(1986): 33-59.
Webber, David J. ³Analyzing Political
Feasibility: Political Scientists' Unique Contribution to Policy Analysis.² Policy
Studies Journal. 14, no. 4 (1986): 545-554.
Policy
Cycles:
Lyden, Fremont J., George A. Shipman, and Robert
W. Wilkinson. ³Decision-Flow Analysis: A Methodology for Studying the Public
Policy-Making Process.² In P. P. Le Breton, ed(s), Comparative
Administrative Theory,
Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1968. 155-168.
deLeon, Peter. ³The Stages Approach to the
Policy Process: What Has It Done? Where Is It Going?² In P. A. Sabatier, ed(s),
Theories of the Policy Process,
Boulder: Westview, 1999.
19-34.
Howlett, M. and M. Ramesh. Studying Public
Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems Toronto: oxford University Press,
1995 Chapter 1
Sabatier, Paul A. ³Toward Better Theories of the
Policy Process.² PS: Political Science and Politics. 24, no. 2 (1991):
144-156.
Policy
Regimes
Eisner, Marc Allen. ³Discovering Patterns in
Regulatory History: Continuity, Change and Regulatory Regimes.² Journal of
Policy History. 6, no. 2 (1994): 157-187.
Orren, Karen and Stephen Skowronek. ³Regimes and
Regime Building in American Government: A Review of Literature on the 1940s.² Political
Science Quarterly. 113, no. 4 (1998-99): 689-702.
Wilson, Carter A. ³Policy Regimes and Policy
Change.² Journal of Public Policy. 20, no. 3 (2000): 247-271.
Howlett, Michael ³Introduction: Policy Regimes
and Policy Change in the Canadian Forest Sector² in M. Howlett ed. Canadian
Forest Policy: Adapting to Change Toronto: University of Toronto Press,
2001 pp. 3-20
Overview:
Howlett, Michael and M. Ramesh. Studying
Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Chapter 2
Sabatier, Paul A. Theories of the Policy
Process. Boulder: Westview
Press, 1999.
Birkland, Thomas A. An Introduction to the
Policy Process; Theories, Concepts, and Models of Public Policy Making. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 2001.
Approaches:
Dobuzinskis,
Laurent, Michael Howlett, and David Laycock, ed. Policy
Studies in Canada: The State of the Art. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996.
Theories:
Baumgartner, Frank R. and Bryan D. Jones. Agendas
and Instability in American Politics.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
Kingdon, John W. Agendas, Alternatives and
Public Policies. Boston:
HarperCollins College Publishers, 1995.
Cobb, R., J.K. Ross, and M.H. Ross. ³Agenda
Building as a Comparative Political Process.² American Political Science
Review. 70, no. 1 (1976): 126-138.
Methods:
Howlett,
Michael. ³Issue-Attention and Punctuated Equilibria Models Reconsidered: An
Empirical Examination of the Dynamics of Agenda-Setting in Canada.² Canadian
Journal of Political Science. 30, no. 1 (1997): 3-29.
Howlett, Michael. ³Predictable and Unpredictable
Policy Windows: Issue, Institutional and Exogenous Correlates of Canadian
Federal Agenda-Setting.² Canadian Journal of Political Science. 31, no.
3 (1998): 495-524.
Soroka, Stuart N. Agenda-Setting Dynamics in Canada Vancouver: UBC
Press, 2002
Theories:
Linder,
Stephen H. and B. Guy Peters. ³Policy Formulation and the Challenge of
Conscious Design.² Evaluation and Program Planning. 13(1990): 303-311.
Jordan, A. Grant. ³Iron Triangles, Woolly Corporatism
and Elastic Nets: Images of the Policy Process.² Journal of Public Policy.
1, no. 1 (1981): 95-123.
Lindquist,
Evert A. ³Public Managers and Policy Communities: Learning to Meet New
Challenges.² Canadian Public Administration. 35:2(1992): 127-159.
Weiss,
Carol H. ³Research for Policy's Sake: The Enlightenment Function of Social
Science Research.² Policy Analysis. 3, no. 4 (1977): 531-545.
Dowding,
Keith. ³Model or Metaphor? A Critical Review of the Policy Network Approach.² Political
Studies. 43(1995): 136-158.
Methods:
Howlett,
Michael. ³Do Networks Matter?
Linking Policy Formulation Processes to Policy Outcomes: Evidence From Four Canadian Policy Sectors 1990-2000.²
Canadian Journal of Political Science. 35, no. 2 (2002) 235-268
Zahariadis, Nikoloas and Christopher S. Allen.
³Ideas, Networks, and Policy Streams: Privatization in Britain and Germany.² Policy
Studies Review. 14, no. 1/2 (1995): 71-98.
Daugbjerg, Carsten. Policy Networks Under
Pressure: Pollution Control, Policy Reform and the Power of Farmers. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998.
Coleman, William and Grace Skogstad, ed. Policy Communities and Public
Policies in Canada. Toronto:
Copp Clark, 1990.
Theories:
Simon, Herbert A. ³The Structure of Ill
Structured Problems.² Artificial Intelligence. 4(1973): 181-201.
Lindblom, Charles E. ³The Science of Muddling
Through.² Public Administration Review. 19, no. 2 (1959): 79-88.
Smith, Gilbert and David May. ³The Artificial
Debate Between Rationalist and Incrementalist Models of Decision-Making.² Policy
and Politics. 8, no. 2 (1980): 147-161.
Cohen, M., J. March, and J. Olsen. ³A Garbage
Can Model of Organizational Choice.² Administrative Science Quarterly.
17, no. 1 (1972): 1-25.
Teisman, Geert R. ³Models for Research into
Decision-Making Processes: On Phases, Streams and Decision-Making Rounds.² Public
Administration. 78, no. 4 (2000): 937-956
Weiss, Carol H. ³Knowledge Creep and Decision
Accretion.² Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization. 1, no. 3
(1980): 381-404.
Methods:
Allison, Graham. Essence of Decision:
Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Boston: Little Brown, 1971.
Kahneman, Daniel and Amos Tversky. ³Prospect
Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk.² Econometrica. 47(1979):
263-289.
Fernandes, Ronald and Herbert A. Simon. ³A Study
of How Individuals Solve Complex and Ill-Structured Problems.² Policy
Sciences. 32(1999): 225-245.
Mintz, Alex and Nehemia Geva. ³The PoliHeuristic
Theory of Foreign Policy Decision Making.² In N. Geva and A. Mintz, ed(s), Decision-Making
in War and Peace: The Cognitive-Rational Debate, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1997.
Theories:
Peters, B. Guy and F. K. M. Van Nispen, ed. Public Policy Instruments :
Evaluating the Tools of Public Administration. New York: Edward Elgar, 1998.
Sabatier, Paul A. ³Top-Down and Bottom-Up
Approaches to Implementation Research: A Critical Analysis and Suggested Synthesis.²
Journal of Public Policy. 6(1986): 21-48.
O'Toole, Laurence J. ³Research on Policy
Implementation: Assessment and Prospects.² Journal of Public Administration
Research and Theory. 10, no. 2 (2000): 263-288.
Hood, Christopher. The Tools of Government. Chatham: Chatham House Publishers,
1986.
Howlett, Michael. ³Managing the "Hollow
State": Procedural Policy Instruments and Modern Governance.² Canadian
Public Administration. 43, no. 4 (2000): 412-431.
Methods
Salamon, Lester M., ed. The Tools of Government: A Guide to
the New Governance. New York:
Oxford University Press, 2002.
Goggin, Malcolm L. et al. Implementation
Theory and Practice: Toward A Third Generation. Glenview: Scott, Foresman/Little, Brown, 1990.
Lester, James P. and Malcolm L. Goggin. ³Back to
the Future: The Rediscovery of Implementation Studies.² Policy Currents.
8, no. 3 (1998): 1-9.
Hawkins, Keith and John M. Thomas. ³Making
Policy in Regulatory Bureaucracies.² In K. Hawkins and J. M. Thomas, ed(s), Making
Regulatory Policy, Pittsburgh:
University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989.
3-30.
Scholz, John T. ³Cooperative Regulatory
Enforcement and the Politics of Administrative Effectiveness.² American
Political Science Review. 85, no. 1 (1991): 115-136.
Theories:
Weimer, David L. and Aidan R. Vining. Policy
Analysis: Concepts and Practice.
New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1999.
Geva-May, Iris. ³When the Motto is 'Till Death
Do Us Part": The Conceptualization and the Craft of Termination in the
Public Policy Cycle.² international Journal of Public Administration.
24, no. 3 (2001): 263-288.
Palumbo, Dennis J. The Politics of Program
Evaluation. Beverly Hills:
Sage, 1987.
deLeon, Peter. ³Policy Evaluation and Program
Termination.² Policy Studies Review. 2, no. 4 (1983): 631-647.
Methods:
Chelimsky, Eleanor. ³Where We Stand Today in the
Practice of Evaluation: Some Reflections.² Knowledge and Policy. 8, no.
3 (1995): 8-20.
Patton, Carl V. and David S. Sawicki. Basic Methods
of Policy Analysis and Planning. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1993.
Nachmias, David. Public Policy Evaluation:
Approaches and Methods. New
York: St. Martin's Press, 1979.
Dobell, Rodney and David Zussman. ³An Evaluation
System for Government: If Politics is Theatre, then Evaluation is (mostly)
Art.² Canadian Public Administration. 24, no. 3 (1981): 404-427.
Theories:
Hall,
Peter A. ³Policy Paradigms, Social Learning and the State: The Case of Economic
Policy Making in Britain.² Comparative Politics. 25, no. 3 (1993):
275-96.
Blyth, Mark M. ³"Any More Bright
Ideas?" The Ideational Turn of Comparative Political Economy.² Comparative
Politics. 29(1997): 229-250.
Braun,
Dietmar and Andreas Busch, ed. Public
Policy and Political Ideas.
Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1999.
Campbell,
John L. ³Institutional Analysis and the Role of Ideas in Political Economy.² Theory
and Society. 27, no. 5 (1998): 377-409.
Methods:
Howlett,
Michael. ³Policy Paradigms and Policy Change: Lessons From the Old and New
Canadian Policies Towards Aboriginal Peoples.² Policy Studies Journal.
22, no. 4 (1994): 631-651.
Goldstein,
Judith and Robert O. Keohane. ³Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical
Framework.² In J. Goldstein and R. O. Keohane, ed(s), Ideas and Foreign
Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change, Ithaca: Cornell University Press,
1993. 3-30.
Yee,
Albert S. ³The Causal Effects of Ideas on Policies.² International
Organizations. 50, no. 1 (1996): 69-108.
Coleman, William D., Grace D. Skogstad, and
Michael Atkinson. ³Paradigm Shifts and Policy Networks: Cumulative Change in
Agriculture.² Journal of Public Policy. 16, no. 3 (1996): 273-302.
Theories:
Kiser, Larry L. and Elinor Ostrom. ³The Three
Worlds of Action: A Metetheoretical Synthesis of Institutional Approaches.² In
E. Ostrom, ed(s), Strategies of Political Inquiry, Beverly Hills: Sage, 1982. 179-222.
March, James G. and Johan P. Olsen. Rediscovering
Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics. New York: The Free Press, 1989.
Mahoney,
James. ³Path Dependence in Historical Sociology.² Theory and Society.
29, no. 4 (2000): 507-548.
Pierson,
Paul. ³Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics.² American
Political Science Review. 94, no. 2 (2000): 251-267.
Wilsford, David. ³Path Dependency, or Why
History Makes It Difficult but Not Impossible to Reform Health Care Systems in
A Big Way.² Journal of Public Policy. 14, no. 3 (1994): 251-284.
Methods:
Ostrom,
Elinor. ³A Method of Institutional Analysis.² In F. X. Kaufman, G. Majone and
V. Ostrom, ed(s), Guidance, Control and Evaluation in the Public Sector, Berlin: deGruyter, 1986.
Weaver,
R. Kent and Bert A. Rockman. ³When and How do Institutions Matter?² In R. K.
Weaver and B. A. Rockman, ed(s), Do Institutions Matter? Government
Capabilities in the United States and Abroad, Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institutions, 1993. 445-461.
Liebowitz,
Stan and Stephen E. Margolis. ³Policy and Path Dependence: From QWERTY to Windows
95.² Regulation. 18(1995): 33-41.
Hall,
Peter A. ³The Change from Keynesianism to Monetarism: Institutional
Analysis and British Economic
Policy in the 1970s.² In S. Steinmo, K. Thelen and F. Longstreth, ed(s), Structuring
Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1992. 90-114.
Grafstein,
Robert. ³The Problem of Institutional Constraint.² Journal of Politics.
50(1988): 577-599.
Theories:
Heclo, Hugh. ³Issue Networks and the Executive
Establishment.² In A. King, ed(s), The New American Political System, Washington D.C.: American Enterprise
Institute for Public Policy Research, 1978. 87-124.
Knoke, David. ³Networks as Political Glue:
Explaining Public Policy-Making.² In W. J. Wilson, ed(s), Sociology and the
Public Agenda, London: Sage,
1993. 164-184.
Sabatier, Paul A. ³An Advocacy Coalition
Framework of Policy Change and the Role of Policy-Oriented Learning Therein.² Policy
Sciences. 21, no. 2/3 (1988): 129-168.
Rayner, J. , M.
Howlett, J. Wilson, G. Hoberg and B. Cashore ,³Privileging the Sub-Sector: Critical
Sub-Sectors and Sectoral Relationships in Forest Policy-Making.² Forest
Policy and Economics. 2, no. 3-4 (2001): 319-332.
Marsh, David and Martin Smith. ³Understanding
Policy Networks: Towards a Dialectical Approach.² Political Studies.
48(2000): 4-21.
Methods:
Heinz, John P. et al. ³Inner Circles or Hollow
Cores.² Journal of Politics. 52, no. 2 (1990): 356-390.
Peters, Guy. ³Policy Networks: Myth, Metaphor
and Reality.² In D. Marsh, ed(s), Comparing Policy Networks, Buckingham: Open University Press,
1998. 21-32.
Heinz, John P. et al. The Hollow Core:
Private Interests in National Policy Making. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Laumann, Edward O. and David Knoke. The
Organizational State: Social Choice in National Policy Domains. Madison: The University of Wisconsin
Press, 1987.
Rice, Ronald E. and William D. Richards. ³An
Overview of Network Analysis Methods and Programs.² In B. Dervin and M. J.
Voight, ed(s), Progress in Communication Sciences - Volume VI, Norwood: Ablex Publishing, 1985. 105-165.
Theories:
Gormley, William T. ³Regulatory Enforcement.² Political
Research Quarterly. 51, no. 2 (1998): 363-383.
Howlett, Michael. ³Beyond Legalism? Policy
Ideas, Implementation Styles and Emulation-Based Convergence in Canadian and
U.S. Environmental Policy.² Journal of Public Policy. 20, no. 3 (2000):
305-329.
Kagan, Robert A. ³Adversarial Legalism and
American Government.² Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. 10, no.
3 (1991): 369-406.
Methods:
Richardson, Jeremy, Gunnel Gustafsson, and Grant
Jordan. ³The Concept of Policy Style.² In J. J. Richardson, ed(s), Policy
Styles in Western Europe,
London: George Allen and Unwin, 1982. 1-16.
Howlett,
Michael. ³Understanding National Administrative Cultures and Their Role in
Administrative Reform: A Neo-Institutional Model of Administrative Styles.²
Istanbul, Turkey: Paper Presented to the International Association of
Schools and Institutes of Public Administration Section V: Accountability,
Culture and Trust
(June 17-20, 2002).
Freeman,
Gary P. ³National Styles and Policy Sectors: Explaining Structured Variation.² Journal
of Public Policy. 5, no. 4 (1985): 467-496.
Vogel,
David. National Styles of Regulation: Environmental Policy in Great Britain
and the United States. Ithaca:
Cornell University Press, 1986.
May,
Peter J. and Soren Winter. ³Regulatory Enforcement and Compliance: Examining
Danish Agro-Environmental Policy.² Journal of Policy Analysis and Management.
18, no. 4 (1999): 625-651.