| If composition is a kind of making...here
are a few notes about ideas of "making" vs "acting"
or poesis vs. praxis |
Poesis
Aristotle regards praxis and poesis to be generically different concepts.
In the following passage from the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explicitly
sets out the difference between them:
...action and making are different kinds of thing, since making aims at
an end distinct from the act of making, whereas in doing, the end cannot
be other than the
act itself. (1140 b 1-5)
Aristotle's treatment of the subject seems straightforward enough. Nevertheless,
the passage
contains a much greater complexity of thought than meets the eye. On the
one hand Aristotle
refers to an activity whose end (telos) is different from the activity
itself; on the other hand he speaks of an activity whose telos is the
activity itself. The first is poesis, and the second praxis.hcc.haifa.ac.il/~balaban/Doc/PAPERS/
Balaban-Prax&PoesisAristot.pdf |
| Hannah
Arendt
takes
up these questions from antiquity
in
The
Human Condition
1958 |
The modern age, in its early
concern with tangible products and demonstrable profits or its later obsession
with smooth functioning and sociability, was not the first to denounce
the idle uselessness of action and speech in particular and of politics
in general...
...The calamities of action all arise from the human condition of plurality,
which is the condition sine qua non for that space of appearance which
is the public realm. Hence the attempt to do away with this plurality
is always tantamount to the abolition of the public realm itself...
...Only the modern age's conviction that man can know only what he makes,
that his allegedly higher capacities depend upon making and that he therefore
is primarily homo faber and not an animal rationale, brought forth the
much older implications of violence inherent in all interpretations of
the realm of human affairs as a sphere of making...Marx's dictum that
"violence is the midwife of every old society pregnant with a new
one," that is, of all change in history and politics, only sums up
the conviction of the whole modern age and draws the consequences of its
innermost belief that history is "made" by men as nature is
"made" by God.
...The substitution of making for acting and the concomitant degradation
of politics into a means to obtain an allegedly "higher" end...in
the modern age the productivity and progress of society--is as old as
the tradition of political philosophy. It is true that only the modern
age defined man primarily as homo faber, a toolmaker and producer of things,
and therefore could overcome the deep-seated contempt and suspicion in
which the tradition had held the whole sphere of fabrication. Yet, this
same tradition, in so far as it also had turned against action--less openly,
to be sure, but no less effectively...had introduced into political philosophy
certain trends and patterns of though upon which the modern age could
fall back. [i.e. the ends justify the means, or "you can't make an
omelet without breaking eggs" which Arendt speaks of as violent,
and which Ziezek expands upon in his discussions of political reasoning.]...The
point is that Plato and, to a lesser degree,
Aristotle, who thought craftsmen not even worthy of full-fledged citizenship,
were the first to propose handling political maters and ruling political
bodies in the mode of fabrication...
The Human Condition, p. 197 to 206
|
Composition's connection to Praxis, Poesis,
Making and
Action... |
How does the above relate
to composition? Well we might ask what kind of making is reflected
in our expanded idea of composition. If it is closer to Godard's unattained
"montage" then it sounds more like "action" than fabrication...but...
perhaps we should think about composition which doesn't reject "making"
or "fabrication" but resists being a "means to an
end" and the implications thereof. |
Foucault from “Remarks on Marx”
(Semiotext 1991) 1978 interviews with Duccio TrombadoriThese quotes extract
some of Foucault’s views about a particular conception of “the
subject” as point of division between his theory and other
(earlier) ideas.
In our context they open a question about
"composing" and making as models and metaphors for making "man" |
Trombadori:”…I wish to know
how and for what reasons you distinguish yourself from them.[the Frankfurt
School]
Foucault: Certainly distinctions exist. Schematically one can affirm that
the conception of the “subject” that was adopted by the Frankfurt
School was quite traditional, was of a philosophical character. Then,
it was noticeably impregnated with the humanism of a Marxist type. That
also explains the particular articulation of the latter with certain Freudian
concepts, in the relationship between alienation and repression, between
“liberation,” disalienation, and the end of exploitation.
I’m convinced that given these premises, the Frankfurt
School cannot by any means admit that the problem is not to recover our
“lost” identity, to free our imprisoned nature, our deepest
truth; but instead the problem is to move towards something radically
Other. The center, then, seems still to be found in Marx’s phrase:
man produces man. It’s all in how you look at it. For me, what must
be produced is not man identical to himself, exactly as nature would have
designed him or according to his essence; on the contrary, we must produce
something that doesn’t yet exist and about which we cannot know
how and what it will be.
Secondly, let’s think about the verb “to produce.”
I don’t agree that this production of man by man occurs in the same
way, let’s say as that of the value of riches, or of an object of
use, of the economic type. It’s a question rather of the destruction
of what we are, of the creation of something entirely different, of a
total innovation. Now it seems to me that the idea they had of this ”production
of man by man” basically consisted in the need to free everything
that, in the repressive system connected with rationality or the repression
of exploitation linked with class society, had been experienced at a distance
from man and his fundamental essence. |