Complete the sentence with the best term. Please note that if your answer is not spelled correctly, the program will note it as incorrect.
Output from motor neurons is always ___________________________.
___________________ neurons are neurons that run in the rostral-caudal direction whose main axon branches terminate on both interneurons and motor neurons in distal spinal segments.
Interneurons located in the medial part of the spinal cord make ____________________ synaptic connections with motor neurons on axial muscles.
Interneurons located in the medial part of the spinal cord make bilateral synaptic connections with motor neurons on ____________ muscles.
Interneurons located in the lateral part of the spinal cord make ____________________ synaptic connections with motor neurons on limb muscles.
80% of neurons in the lateral corticospinal tract cross the midline at the ___________________.
The _____________________________ tract is important for goal-directed arms movements such as reaching and manipulating.
The ______________________________ tract originates in the motor, premotor and supplementary motor areas of the cortex and projects bilaterally to control axial muscles and thus provide postural stability.
The ___________________ tract is the brainstem equivalent of the lateral corticospinal tract.
The rubrospinal tract originates in the ___________________________.
The _________________________ tract originates in the red nucleus.
The lateral reticulospinal tract originates form the reticular formation in the ________________.
The medial reticulospinal tract originates from the reticular formation in the ____________.
The medial reticulospinal tract makes ___________________ synaptic connections with axial muscles and limb extensor muscles.
The lateral reticulospinal tracts makes widespread ___________________ synaptic connections with extensor motor neurons.
The lateral reticulospinal tracts makes widespread ___________________ synaptic connections with flexor motor neurons.
The ________________ tract is the only descending motor tract to project only contralaterally.
The neurotransmitter of the ceruleospinal tract is _________________________.
The predominant effect of the ceruleospinal system is __________________.
The neurotransmitter of the raphe-spinal system is ____________________.
The primary function of the raphe-spinal system is to modulate the transmission of ___________ stimuli.
A single motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it innervates is called a _________________________.
In skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling, calcium binds to the protein ____________________.
Membrane depolarization in skeletal muscle activates the protein ____________ that is mechanically coupled to a calcium channel in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
In skeletal muscle, calcium is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum bound to the protein __________________.
The sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release channel binds the drug _____________________.
The mechanical response of a muscle fiber to a single action potential is termed a _______________.
Repeated action potentials in muscle fibers at low firing rates cause ___________________________.
Repeated action potentials in muscle fibers at high firing rates cause ___________________________.
According to the size principle, _______________ motor neurons are activated first.
A given amount of excitation produces a larger EPSP in motor neurons with a small soma due to their _________________ ri.
_________________________ respond to the stretch of specialized muscle fibers to detect the change in muscle length and the rate of change in muscle length.
___________________ are muscle mechanoreceptors that are sensitive to changes in tension.
The two types of intrafusal muscles fibers are nuclear __________ fibers and nuclear chain fibers.
The two types of intrafusal muscles fibers are nuclear bag fibers and nuclear ______________ fibers.
Intrafusal fibers receive efferent innervation from static and dynamic _____________ motor neurons.
Type ___________ afferent fibers terminate on all three types of intrafusal muscle fibers and are sensitive to the rate of change of length.
Type _________ muscle afferent fibers terminate only on nuclear chain and static bag fibers and are not sensitive by phasic stimuli.
Golgi tendon organs are located in ____________ with muscle.
Muscle spindle fibers are arranged in _________________ with extrafusal fibers.
The ability to control flexor and extensor muscles is called ____________________ innervation.
_________________ refers to the distribution of the output from a single neuron to multiple target neurons.
______________________ refers to the processing of input form several neurons onto a single neuron.
______________________________________________________ interneurons mediate reciprocal innervation in the stretch reflex.
____________________________________ interneurons receive input form golgi tendon organs to influence the homonymous motor neuron.
____________________ cells mediate recurrent inhibition.
Renshaw cells are responsible for mediating ___________________ inhibition.
A ______________________________ is an oscillating neural circuit that produces self-sustaining patterns of behaviour.
Locomotion may be activated by descending input from the __________________ locomotor region.
The primary motor cortex corresponds to Broddman's _________________.