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A local polynomial smoother fits a locally-weighted regression at each point x to produce the estimate at x. Different types of regression and weight functions are used in the estimation.
SAS/INSIGHT software provides the following three types of regression:
a locally-weighted mean | ||
a locally-weighted regression line | ||
a locally-weighted quadratic polynomial regression |
The weights are derived from a single function that is independent of the design
SAS/INSIGHT software uses the following weight functions:
Note | The normal weight function is proportional to a truncated normal density function. |
SAS/INSIGHT software provides two methods to compute the local bandwidth .The loess estimator (Cleveland 1979; Cleveland, Devlin and Grosse 1988) evaluates based on the furthest distance from k nearest neighbors. A fixed bandwidth local polynomial estimator uses a constant bandwidth at each xi.
For a loess estimator, you select k nearest neighbors by specifying a positive constant .For , k is truncated to an integer, where n is the number of observations. For , k is set to n.
The local bandwidth is then computed as
where d(k)( xi) is the furthest distance from xi to its k nearest neighbors.
Note | For , the local bandwidth is a function of k and thus a step function of . |
For a fixed bandwidth local polynomial estimator, you select a bandwidth by specifying c in the formula
Note | A fixed bandwidth local mean estimator is equivalent to a kernel smoother. |
By default, SAS/INSIGHT software divides the range of the explanatory variable into 128 evenly spaced intervals, then it fits locally-weighted regressions on this grid. A small value of c or may give the local polynomial fit to the data points near the grid points only and may not apply to the remaining points.
For a data point xi that lies between two grid points , the predicted value is the weighted average of the two predicted values at the two nearest grid points:
A similar algorithm is used to compute the degrees of freedom of a local polynomial estimate, = trace(). The ith diagonal element of the matrix is
After choosing Curves:Loess from the menu, you specify a loess fit in the Loess Fit dialog.
In the dialog, you can specify the number of intervals, the regression type, the weight function, and the method for choosing the smoothing parameter. The default Type:Linear uses a linear regression, Weight:Tri-Cube uses a tri-cube weight function, and Method:GCV uses an value that minimizes .
Figure 39.45 illustrates loess estimates with Type=Linear, Weight=Tri-Cube, and values of 0.0930 (the GCV value) and 0.7795 (DF=3). Use the slider to change the value of the loess fit.
The loess degrees of freedom is a function of local bandwidth .For , is a step function of and thus the loess df is a step function of .The convergence criterion applies only when the specified df is less than ,the loess df for .When the specified df is greater than , SAS/INSIGHT software uses the value that has its df closest to the specified df.
Similarly, you can choose Curves:Local Polynomial, Fixed Bandwidth from the menu to specify a fixed bandwidth local polynomial fit.
Figure 39.47 illustrates fixed bandwidth local polynomial estimates with Type=Linear, Weight=Tri-Cube, and c values of 0.2026 (the GCV value) and 2.6505 (DF=3). Use the slider to change the c value of the local polynomial fit.
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