Chapter Contents

Previous

Next

TITLE

Valid:	anywhere
Category:	Output Control

Without Arguments

Using TITLE without arguments cancels all existing titles.

Arguments

n

specifies the relative line that contains the title line.

Range:	1 - 10
Tip:	The title line with the highest number appears on the bottom line. If you omit n, SAS assumes a value of 1. Therefore, you can specify TITLE or TITLE1 for the first title line.
Tip:	You can create titles that contain blank lines between the lines of text. For example, if you specify text with a TITLE statement and a TITLE3 statement, there will be a blank line between the two lines of text.

'text' | "text"

specifies text that is enclosed in single or double quotation marks.

Tip:	For compatibility with previous releases, SAS accepts some text without quotation marks.
Tip:	When writing new programs or updating existing programs, always surround text with quotation marks.
See Also:	For more information about including quotation marks as part of the title, see the "Expressions" chapter in SAS Language Reference: Concepts.

Details

In a DATA Step or PROC Step

A TITLE statement takes effect when the step or RUN group with which it is associated executes. Once you specify a title for a line, it is used for all subsequent output until you cancel the title or define another title for that line. A TITLE statement for a given line cancels the previous TITLE statement for that line and for all lines with larger n numbers.

Operating Environment Information:    The maximum title length that is allowed depends on your operating environment and the value of the LINESIZE= system option. Refer to the SAS documentation for your operating environment for more information.  

Customizing Titles in a PROC step

You can customize titles by inserting BY variable values (#BYVALn), BY variable names (#BYVARn), or BY lines (#BYLINE) in titles that are specified in PROC steps. Embed the items in the specified title text string at the position where you want the substitution text to appear.

#BYVALn | #BYVAL(variable-name)

substitutes the current value of the specified BY variable for #BYVAL in the text string and displays the value in the title. Specify the variable with one of the following:

n

specifies which variable in the BY statement that #BYVAL should use. The value of n indicates the position of the variable in the BY statement.

Example:

#BYVAL2 specifies the second variable in the BY statement.

variable-name

names the BY variable.

Example:	#BYVAL(YEAR) specifies the BY variable, YEAR.
Tip:	Variable-name is not case sensitive.

#BYVARn | #BYVAR(variable-name)

substitutes the name of the BY variable or label that is associated with the variable (whatever the BY line would normally display) for #BYVAR in the text string and displays the name or label in the title. Specify the variable with one of the following:

n

specifies which variable in the BY statement that #BYVAR should use. The value of n indicates the position of the variable in the BY statement.

Example:

#BYVAR2 specifies the second variable in the BY statement.

variable-name

names the BY variable.

Example:	#BYVAR(SITES) specifies the BY variable SITES.
Tip:	Variable-name is not case sensitive.

#BYLINE

substitutes the entire BY line without leading or trailing blanks for #BYLINE in the text string and displays the BY line in the title.

Tip:	#BYLINE produces output that contains a BY line at the top of the page unless you suppress it by using NOBYLINE in an OPTIONS statement.
See Also:	For more information on NOBYLINE, see BYLINE.

In a PROC step

Follow these rules when you use #BYVAR, #BYVAL, and #BYLINE in the TITLE statement of a PROC step:

• Specify the variable that is used by #BYVAR or #BYVAL in the BY statement.

• Insert #BYVAL and #BYVAR in the specified title text string at the position where you want the substitution text to appear.

• Follow #BYVAL and #BYVAR with a delimiting character, either a space or other nonalphanumeric character (for example, a quotation mark) that ends the text string.

• If you want the #BYVAR or #BYVAL substitution to be followed immediately by other text, with no delimiter, use a trailing dot (as with macro variables).

Comparisons

You can also create titles with the TITLES window.

Examples

• This statement suppresses a title on line n and all lines after it:

  titlen;

• These are examples of TITLE statements:

  • title 'First Draft';

  • title2 "Year's End Report";

  • title2 'Year''s End Report';

• These statements illustrate #BYVAL, #BYVAR, and #BYLINE.

  • title 'Quarterly Sales for #byval(site)';

  • title 'Annual Costs for #byvar2';

  • title 'Data Group #byline';

	Statement: FOOTNOTE
	System Option: LINESIZE=

Chapter Contents

Previous

Next

Top of Page

Copyright 1999 by SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA. All rights reserved.