- concentration of ownership (Herman & McChesney)- vertical integration (hardware, content or software, distribution, spin-offs etc)
Commoditization of the listening experience:
- standardization and simplification (vs extension, via amplification, recording, broadcasting etc)- myth of fidelity as the disappearance/neutrality of the mediation
- exchange value dominates use value
- listening linked to economic models (e.g. taxation, donation, subscription, advertising)
advertising as the production of the consumer: the audience as a commodity is "sold" to advertisers- listening is extended: analytical <------> distracted
the distracted listener within a surrogate, schizophonic "accompaniment" environment or "acoustic bubble" (M. Bull)mood and time flow imposed; functional uses of media
images and associations emphasized, particularly in advertising and advertising models
memorability assured through techniques of neo-orality
