Earthquake Vulnerability Assessment and Critical Infrastructure Inventory of Metro Vancouver

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dr. Nadine Schuurman, Dr. John Clague, Michael Martin and Blake Walker for their guidance and advice in this project.

References

APEGBC. 2006. British Columbia Earthquake Fact Sheet. Retrieved from: https://www.apeg.bc.ca/getmedia/4278c069-0374-4cc2-9e73-2b454a0f978a/SEABC-Eathquake-Fact-Sheet.pdf.aspx Atwater, B. F. and Yamaguchi, D. K., 1991. Sudden, probably coseismic submergence of Holocene trees and grass in coastal Washington State. Geology 19:706-709

Barredo, J.I., & Bosque-Sendar, J. n.d. Comparison of Multi-Criteria Evaluation Methods Integrated in Geographical Information Systems to Allocate Urban Areas. Accessed 10 March 2015. Retrieved from http://www.geogra.uah.es/joaquin/pdf/EMC-ORDINAL-Y-SLP.pdf

BC Ministry of Education. 2015. Seismic Mitigation Program Progress Report. Retrieved from: http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/DownloadAsset?assetId=6D38BF17FFBE47D6ABEF66AA5DB10434&filename=seismic_mitigation_program_progress_report.pdf

BC Ministry of Public Safety. 2009. Evacuation Operational Guidelines. Retreieved from: http://www.embc.gov.bc.ca/em/management/Evacuation_Operational_Guidelines.pdfApproximately

Bhattacharya, S., Hyodo, M., Goda, K., Tazoh, T., and Taylor, C.A., 2011. Liquefaction of soil in the Tokyo Bay area from the 2011 Tohoku (Japan) earthquake. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 31:1618-1628

Bohannon, R. W., and Andrews, A. W., 2011. Normal walking speed: a descriptive meta-analysis. Physiotherapy 97:182-189

Bozorgnia, Y. and Bertero, V. V., 2004. Earthquake Engineering: From Engineering Seismology to Performance-Based Engineering. CRC Press.

Chang, L., Elnash, A, S., and Spencer, B, F., 2012. Post-earthquake modeling of transportation network, Retrieved from: http://www.tandfonline.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/doi/pdf/10.1080/15732479.2011.574810

Chou, Y.J., Huang, N., Lee, C.H., Tsai, S.L., Chen, L.S., and Change, H.J., 2004. Who is at risk of death in an earthquake?. American Journal of Epidemiology 160:688-695

Clague, J. J., 1997. Evidence for large earthquakes at the Cascadia Subduction Zone. Reviews of Geophysics 35:439-460

Clague, J.J., 2002. The earthquake threat in Southwestern British Columbia: A geologic perspective. Natural Hazards 26:7-34

Cutter, S., Boruff, B., Shirley, W., 2003. Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Soc Sci Q 84:242–261

Duzgun, H. S., Yucemen, M. S., Kalaycioglu, H. S., Celik, K., Kemec, S., Kemec, S., Ertugay, K., and Deniz, A., 2011. An integrated earthquake vulnerability assessment framework for urban areas. Natural Hazards 59:917-947

Feizizadeh, B. and Blaschke, T., 2013. GIS-multicriteria decision analysis for landslide susceptibility mapping: comparing three methods for the Urmia Lake Basin, Iran. Nat Hazards 65:2105–2128

Geller, R.J., 1997. Earthquake prediction: a critical review. Geophysical Journal International 131:425-250

Geohazards International. 2009. Reducing Earthquake Risk in Hospitals: from Equipment, Contents, Architectural Elements and Building Utility Systems. Retrieved from: http://www.geohaz.org/hospitalsafetymanual/images/GHISwissReHospitalEQSafetyManual.pdf

Goldfinger, C. et. al. 2012. Turbidite event history - methods and implications for Holocene paleoseismicity of the Cascadia Subduction Zone. US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey.

Google Maps. 2015. Metro Vancouver Municipalities. Retrieved from: https://www.google.ca/maps/place/Greater+Vancouver,+BC/@49.3010609,-122.8049666,11z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x5462ce9005f9dfa5:0xce9c6c979ef4fca6

Heaton, T.H. and S.H. Hartzell, 1987. Earthquake hazards on the Cascadia subduction zone. Science 236:162-168.

Hewitt, K., 2013. Environmental Disasters in Social Context: toward a preventive and precautionary approach. Natural Hazards 66:3-14

ISO. 2014. Response Time Considerations. Accessed 20 March 2015. Retrieved from https://firechief.iso.com/FCWWeb/mitigation/ppc/3000/ppc3015.jsp.

Johnson, C., 2007. Strategic planning for post-disaster temporary housing. Disasters 31:435–458

King, D. and MacGregor, C., 2000. Using social indicators to measure community vulnerability to natural hazards. Aust J Emerg Manag 15:52–57

Kuraoka, S. and Rainer, J. H., 1996. Damage to water distribution system caused by the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 23:665-667

McLafferty SL (2003) GIS and health care. Ann Rev Public Health 24:25–42

Michigan Technical University, 2007. What Are Earthquake Hazards? Accessed 27 March 2015. Retrieved from http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/hazards.html

Ministry of Environment. "Burnaby Oil Spill." Environmental Emergency Management Program. British Columbia Government, n.d. Web. 02 Mar. 2015

Molnar, S., Cassidy, J. F., Olsen, K. B., Dosso, S. E., and He, J. 2014. Earthquake Ground Motion and 3D Georgia Basin Amplification in Southwest British Columbia: Deep Juan de Fuca Plate Scenario Earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 104:301-320

Morrow, B. H., 1999. Identifying and Mapping Community Vulnerability. Disasters 23:1–18

Moteff, J. and Parfomak, P. 2004. Critical Infrastructure and Key Assets: Definition and Identification. Retrieved from http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA454016

OECD Studies in Risk Management. París: OECD, 2000. Japan Earthquakes. OECD. Web. 26 Feb. 2015.

Onur, T., Ventura, C. and Finn, W.D. Regional Seismic Risk in British Columbia: Damage and Loss Distribution in Victoria and Vancouver. Retrieved from: http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/l04-098

Pickett, M. 2008. Assessing the Impacts of a M7.8 Southern San Andreas Fault Earthquake on Hospitals. http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/shakeout/hospitals.pdf

Port Metro Vancouver Vancouver Economic Impact Study, 2012. Retrieved from: http://www.portmetrovancouver.com/docs/default-source/about-facts-stats/2012-port-metro-vancouver-economic-impact-study.pdf?sfvrsn=0

Providence Health Care. 2013. St. Paul’s Hospital Redevelopment and Seismic Safety Discussed in BC Legislature. Retrieved from: http://www.providencehealthcare.org/news/20140328/st-pauls-hospital-redevelopment-and-seismic-safety-discussed-bc-legislature

Petzäll, K., Petzäll, J., Jansson, J., and Nordström, G., 2011. Time saved with high speed driving of ambulances. Accident Analysis & Prevention 43:818-822

Public Safety Canada. 2014. Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved from: http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/crtcl-nfrstrctr/index-eng.aspx

Rogers, G. C., 1988. An assessment of the megathrust earthquake potential of the Cascadia subduction zone. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25:844-852

Rojas, F., Naeim, F., Lew, M., Carpenter, L. D., Youssef, N. F., Saragoni, G. R., and Adaros, M. S. 2011. Performance of tall buildings in Concepción during the 27 February 2010 moment magnitude 8.8 offshore Maule, Chile earthquake. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings 20:37-64

Satake, K., Shimazaki, K., Tsuji, Y., and Ueda, K., 1996. Time and size of a giant earthquake in Cascadia inferred from Japanese tsunami records of January 1700. Nature 379:246-249

Scawthorn, C. 2011. Water Supply in regard to Fire Following Earthquake. Retrieved from: www.seismic.ca.gov/pub/CSSC_2011-02_WaterSupply_PEER.pdf

Shafieezadeh, A. and Burden, L. I., 2014. Scenario-based resilience assessment framework for critical infrastructure systems: Case study for seismic resilience of seaports. Reliability Engineering & System Safety 132:207-219.

Stern, R. J., 2002. Subduction zones. Reviews of Geophysics 40:3-1 - 3-38

"Stronger Christchurch Infrastructure Rebuild Plan." Christchurch City Council (2011): Christchurch City Council. Web. 26 Feb. 2015.

Studer, J.A. "Vulnerability of Infrastructure." Vulnerability of Infrastructure(2000): n. pag. Web. 26 Feb. 2015.

The Carfree Census Database, 2012, Retrieved from: http://www.bikesatwork.com/carfree/carfree-census-database.html

Translink, 2015, Highways, Retrieved from: http://www.translink.ca/en/Getting-Around/Driving/Traffic-Cameras/Highways.aspx

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. (2009). Retrieved from: http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology

Walker, B.B., Taylor-Noonan, C., Tabbernor, A., McKinnon, T., Bal,H., Bradley, D., Shuurman, N., Clague, J.J. A Multi-Criteria Evaluation Model of Earthquake Vulnerability in Victoria, British Columbia. (2014). Natural Hazards 74:2 1209-1222

Wang, Y. 2014. Hospital and Water System Earthquake Risk Evaluation. Retrieved from: https://public.health.oregon.gov/Preparedness/Prepare/Documents/oha-earthquake-risk-report-2014.pdf

Back to top