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Colombia
Contributed by Tim Schicker
Throughout the entire 20th century, Colombian trade unions were deeply connected to one of the country’s two major political ideologies that were in a constant conflict with each other for hegemony: conservatism and liberalism (Chomsky 2007: 97). After workers were granted the right to associate themselves in trade unions in 1931, both the Confederación de Trabajadores de Colombia (CTC), connected to the liberal party, and the Unión de Trabajadores de Colombia (UTC), connected to the conservative party and the Catholic Church, were formed as prominent examples (Dombois/Quintero 2017: 213f.). While they were prohibited from involving politically, trade unions gained influence especially during the 1960s and 1970s, the decades with the highest number of organized workers (Urrea Giraldo/Hawkins/Rendón Acevedo 2020: 54). In this period, trade unions intended to become more independent from the political parties, such as with the formation of the Confederación General de Trabajadores (CGT) in 1971 and the Central Unitaria de Trabajadores (CUT) in 1986 (Dombois/Quintero 2017: 214; Chomsky 2007: 98f.). Increasing actions fighting for human rights and democracy apart from mere workers’ rights led to violent repression and human rights violations against unionists from state institutions and right-wing paramilitary groups supported by private corporates to fight “subversion” but also, to a lesser extent, by leftist guerrilla groups (Dombois/Quintero 2017: 216f.; Urrea Giraldo/Hawkins/Rendón Acevedo 2020: 59; Chomsky 2007: 99). Today, Colombia faces one of the worlds’ highest rates of anti-union violence, with 90% of it staying unpunished (Dombois/Quintero 2017: 218).
A lo largo de todo el siglo XX, los sindicatos colombianos estuvieron profundamente vinculados a una de las dos grandes ideologías políticas del país, en constante conflicto entre sí por la hegemonía: el conservadurismo y el liberalismo (Chomsky 2007: 97). Tras conceder a los trabajadores el derecho de asociarse en sindicatos en 1931 se formaron, como ejemplos destacados, tanto la Confederación de Trabajadores de Colombia (CTC), vinculada al partido liberal, como la Unión de Trabajadores de Colombia (UTC), vinculada al partido conservador y a la Iglesia Católica (Dombois/Quintero 2017: 213f.). A pesar de que se les prohibía participar políticamente, los sindicatos ganaron influencia especialmente durante los años sesenta y setenta, las décadas con mayor número de trabajadores organizados (Urrea Giraldo/Hawkins/Rendón Acevedo 2020: 54). Durante este periodo, los sindicatos intentaron independizarse más de los partidos políticos, como ocurrió con la formación de la Confederación General de Trabajadores (CGT) en 1971 y la Central Unitaria de Trabajadores (CUT) en 1986 (Dombois/Quintero 2017: 214; Chomsky 2007: 98f.). El aumento de acciones de lucha por los derechos humanos y la democracia, aparte de los meros derechos laborales, dio lugar a una violenta represión y a la violación de los derechos humanos de los sindicalistas por parte de instituciones estatales y grupos paramilitares derechistas apoyados por empresas privadas con el fin de luchar contra la “subversión”, aunque también, en menor medida, por grupos guerrilleros izquierdistas (Dombois/Quintero 2017: 216f.; Urrea Giraldo/Hawkins/Rendón Acevedo 2020: 59; Chomsky 2007: 99). Hoy en día, Colombia se enfrenta a uno de los mayores índices de violencia antisindical del mundo, el 90% de la cual queda impune (Dombois/Quintero 2017: 218).
Bibliography/Bibliografía:
- Chomsky, A. “Globalization, Labor, and Violence in Colombia’s Banana Zone”. International Labor and Working-Class History, vol. 72 (2007): 90-115.
- Dombois, R., Quintero, L. (2017). “Die Gewerkschaften. Zwischen Gewalt und Informalisierung”. Fischer, T., Klengel, S., Pastrana Buelvas, E. (ed.). Kolumbien heute. Politik, Wirtschaft, Kultur: 211-226.
- Urrea Giraldo, F., Hawkins, D., Rendón Acevedo, J. (2020). “Colombia. Desigualdad y violencia anti-sindical en un contexto de desarrollo neoliberal”. Neffa, J., de la Garza Toledo, E. (ed.). Trabajo y crisis de los modelos productivos en América Latina: 19-76.